2019-04-18T13:40:16+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Chemical, Chemistry, Conclusion, Experiment, Hypothesis, Observation, Scientific Method, Scientific Notation, Celcius Temperature Scale, Centimeter (cm), Conversion Factor, Cubic centimeter (cc or cm^3), Density, Equality, Exact Number, Gram (g), International System of Units, Kelvin (K) Temperature Scale, Kilogram (Kg), Liter (L), Mass, Measured Number, Meter (m), Metric System, Milliter (mL), Prefix, Second (s), Significant Figures (SFs), Specific gravity (sp gr), Temperature, Volume, Boiling, Boiling Point (bp), Calorie (cal), Change of State, Chemical Change, Chemical Properties, Compound, Condensation, Cooling Curve, Deposition, Element, Energy, Energy Value, Evaporation, Freezing, Freezing Point (fp), Gas, Heat, Heat of Fusion, Heat of Vaporization, Heating Curve, Joule (J), Kinetic Energy, Liquid, Matter, Melting, Melting Point (mp), Mixture, Physical Change, Physical Properties, Potential Energy, Pure Substance, Solid, Specific Heat (SH), States of Matter, Sublimation, Alkali Metal, Alkaline Earth Metal, Atom, Atomic Mass, Atomic Mass Unit (amu), Atomic Number, Atomic Size, Atomic Symbol, Chemical Symbol, d Block, Electron, Electron Configuration, Energy Level, f block, Group, Group Number, Halogen, Ionization Energy, Isotope, Lewis Symbol, Mass Number, Metal, Metallic Character, Metalloid, Neutron, Noble Gas, Nonmetal, Nucleus, Orbital, Orbital Diagram, p block, Period, Periodic Table flashcards
Fundamentals of Chemistry

Fundamentals of Chemistry

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  • Chemical
    A substance that has the same composition and properties wherever it is found
  • Chemistry
    The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter
  • Conclusion
    An explanation of an observation that has been validated by repeated experiments that support a hypothesis
  • Experiment
    A procedure that tests the validity of a hypothesis
  • Hypothesis
    An unverified explanation of a natural phenomenon
  • Observation
    Information determined by noting and recording a natural phenomenon
  • Scientific Method
    The process of making observations, proposing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and making a conclusion as to the validity of the hypothesis
  • Scientific Notation
    A form of writing large and small numbers using a coefficient that is at least 1 but less than 10, followed by a power of 10
  • Celcius Temperature Scale
    A temperature scale on which water has a freezing point of 0 C and a boiling point of 100 C
  • Centimeter (cm)
    A unit of length in the metric system; there are 2.54 cm in 1 in
  • Conversion Factor
    A ratio in which the numerator and denominator are qualities from an equality or given relationship. For example, the conversion factors for one metric conversion:
  • Cubic centimeter (cc or cm^3)
    The volume of a cube that has 1-cm sides.
  • Density
    The relationship of the mass of an object to its volume expressed as grams per cubic meter (g/cm^3), grams per milliliter (g/mL), or grams per liter (g/L)
  • Equality
    A relationship between two units that measure the same quantity
  • Exact Number
    A number obtained by counting or by definition
  • Gram (g)
    The metric unit used in measurements of mass
  • International System of Units
    An international system of units that modifies the metric system
  • Kelvin (K) Temperature Scale
    A temperature scale on which the lowest possible temperature is 0 K
  • Kilogram (Kg)
    The SI unit of mass. There are 1,000 grams in a kilogram
  • Liter (L)
    The metric unit for volume that is slightly larger than a quart
  • Mass
    A measure of the quantity of material in an object
  • Measured Number
    A number obtained when a quantity is determined by using a measuring device
  • Meter (m)
    The metric unit for length that is slightly longer than a yard. The meter is the SI standard unit of length.
  • Metric System
    A system of measurement used by scientists and in most countries
  • Milliter (mL)
    A metric unit of volume equal to one-thousandth of a liter (0.001 L)
  • Prefix
    The part of the name of a metric unit that precedes the base unit and specifies the size of the measurement. All prefixes are related on a decimal scale.
  • Second (s)
    A unit of time used in both the SI and metric systems
  • Significant Figures (SFs)
    The numbers recorded in a measurement
  • Specific gravity (sp gr)
    A relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water.
  • Temperature
    An indicator of the hotness or coldness of an object
  • Volume
    The amount of space occupied by a substance
  • Boiling
    The formation of bubbles of gas throughout a liquid
  • Boiling Point (bp)
    The temperature at which a liquid changes to gas (boils) and gas changes to liquid (condenses)
  • Calorie (cal)
    The amount of heat energy that raises the temperature of exactly 1g of water by exactly 1 C
  • Change of State
    The transformation of one state of matter to another for example, solid to liquid, liquid to solid, liquid to gas
  • Chemical Change
    A change during which the original substance is connected into a new substance that has a different composition and new physical and chemical properties
  • Chemical Properties
    The properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change into a new substance
  • Compound
    A pure substance consisting of two or more elements with a definite composition, that can be broken down into simpler substances only by chemical methods
  • Condensation
    The change of state from a gas to a liquid
  • Cooling Curve
    A diagram that illustrates temperature changes and changes of state for a substance as heat is removed
  • Deposition
    The change of a gas directly into a solid; the reverse of sublimation
  • Element
    A pure substance containing only one type of matter, which cannot be broken down by chemical methods
  • Energy
    The ability to do work
  • Energy Value
    The kilocalories (or kilojoules) obtained per gram of the food types: carbohydrates, fat, and protein
  • Evaporation
    The formation of a gas (vapor) by the escape of high-energy molecules from the surface of a liquid
  • Freezing
    The change of state from a liquid to solid
  • Freezing Point (fp)
    The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid (freezes), a solid changes to a liquid (melts)
  • Gas
    A state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume
  • Heat
    The energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance
  • Heat of Fusion
    The energy required to melt exactly 1 g of a substance at its melting point. For water, 80. cal (334 J) is needed to melt 1 g of ice; 80. ca (334 J) is released when 1 g of water freezes
  • Heat of Vaporization
    The energy required to vaporize exactly 1 g go a substance at its boiling point. For water, 540 cal (2260 J) is needed to vaporize 1 g of liquid; 1 g of steam gives off 540 cal (2260 J) when it condenses
  • Heating Curve
    A diagram that illustrates the temperature changes and changes of state of a substance as it is heated
  • Joule (J)
    The SI unit of heat energy; 4.184 J = 1 cal
  • Kinetic Energy
    The energy of moving particles
  • Liquid
    A state of matter that takes the shape of its container but has a definite volume
  • Matter
    The material that makes up a substance and has mass and occupies space
  • Melting
    The change of state from a solid to a liquid
  • Melting Point (mp)
    The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid (melts). It is the same temperature as the freezing point.
  • Mixture
    The physical combination of two or more substances that does not change the identities of the mixed substances
  • Physical Change
    A change in which the physical properties of a substance change but its identity stays the same
  • Physical Properties
    The properties that can be observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance
  • Potential Energy
    A type of energy related to position or composition of a substance
  • Pure Substance
    A type of matter that has a definite composition
  • Solid
    A state of matter that has its own shape and volume
  • Specific Heat (SH)
    A quantity of heat that changes the temperature of exactly 1 g of a substance by exactly 1 C
  • States of Matter
    Three forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas
  • Sublimation
    The change of state in which a solid is transformed directly to a gas without forming a liquid first
  • Alkali Metal
    An element in Group 1A (1), except hydrogen, that is a soft, shiny metal with one electron in its outermost energy level
  • Alkaline Earth Metal
    An element in Group 2A (2) that has two electrons in its outermost energy level
  • Atom
    The smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element
  • Atomic Mass
    The weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
  • Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
    A small mass unit used to describe the mass of extremely small particles such as atoms and subatomic particles; 1 amu is equal to one-twelfth the mass of a C-12 atom
  • Atomic Number
    A number that is equal to the number of protons in an atom
  • Atomic Size
    The distance between the outermost electrons and the nucleus
  • Atomic Symbol
    An abbreviation used to indicate the mass number and atomic number of an isotope
  • Chemical Symbol
    An abbreviation that represents the name of an element
  • d Block
    The block of ten elements from Groups 3B (3) to 2B (12) in which electrons fill the five d orbitals in the d sub levels
  • Electron
    A negatively charged subatomic particle having a minute mass that is usually ignored in mass calculations; its symbol is e⁻
  • Electron Configuration
    A list of the number of electrons in each sub level within an atom, arranged by increasing energy
  • Energy Level
    A group of electrons with similar energy
  • f block
    The block of 14 elements in the rows at the bottom of the periodic table in which electrons fill the seven f orbitals in the 4f and 5f sub levels
  • Group
    A vertical column in the periodic table that contains elements having similar physical and chemical properties
  • Group Number
    A number that appears at the top of each vertical column (group) in the periodic table and indicates the number of electrons in the outermost energy level
  • Halogen
    An element in Group 7A (7)- fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine- that has seven electrons in its outermost energy level
  • Ionization Energy
    The energy needed to remove the last tightly bound electron from the outermost energy level of an atom
  • Isotope
    An atom that differs only in mass number from another atom of the same element. Isotopes have the same atomic number (number of protons), but different numbers of neutrons
  • Lewis Symbol
    The representation of an atom that shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element
  • Mass Number
    The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
  • Metal
    An element that is shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity. The metals are located to the left of the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
  • Metallic Character
    A measure of how easily an element loses a valence electron
  • Metalloid
    Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
  • Neutron
    A neutral subatomic particle having a mass of about 1 amu and found in the nucleus of an atom; its symbol is n or n⁰
  • Noble Gas
    An element in Group 8A (18) of the periodic table, generally unreactive and seldom found in combination with other elements that has eight electrons (helium has two electrons) in its outermost energy level
  • Nonmetal
    An element with little or no luster that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. The nonmetals are located to the right of the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
  • Nucleus
    The compact, extremely dense center of an atom, containing the protons and neutrons of the atom
  • Orbital
    The region around the nucleus where electrons of a certain energy are more likely to be found. The s orbitals are spherical, the p orbitals have two lobes
  • Orbital Diagram
    A diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of the energy levels
  • p block
    The elements in Groups 3A (13) to 8A (18) in which electrons fill the p orbitals in the p sub levels
  • Period
    A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
  • Periodic Table
    An arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical behavior are grouped in vertical columns