Polit & Beck Canadian Essentials of Nursing Research 4th Edition Woo Test
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment
What is the highest priority for the importance
1.
of research in the nursing profession?
Research findings provide evidence for
A)
informing nurses' decisions and actions.
Conduct research to better understand the
B)
context of nursing practice.
Document the role that nurses serve in
C)
society.
D)
Establish nursing research areas of study.
2.
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B)
C)
D)
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which group would be best served by clinical
nursing research?
Nursing administrators
Practicing nurses
Nurses' clients
Healthcare policymakers
In the United States, in what area does
research play an important role in nursing?
Chronic illness
Credentialing and status
Nurses' personalities
Nurses' education
What is the role of a consumer of nursing
research?
Read research reports for relevant findings.
Participate in generating evidence by doing
research.
Participate in journal club in a practice
setting.
Solve clinical problems and make clinical
decisions.
What was the concern of most nursing studies
in the early 1900s?
Client satisfaction
Clinical problems
Health promotion
Nursing education
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which topic most closely conforms to the
6. priorities that have been suggested for future
nursing research?
Attitudes of nursing students toward smoking.
Promotion of excellence in nursing science.
Nursing staff morale and turnover.
Number of doctorate prepared nurses in
various clinical specialties.
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C)
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7. What is the process of deductive reasoning?
Verifying assumptions that are part of our
heritage.
Developing specific predictions from general
principles.
Empirically testing observations that are made
known through our senses.
Forming generalizations from specific
observations.
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B)
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9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What was the concern of most nursing studies
in the early 1900s?
Client satisfaction
Clinical problems
Health promotion
Nursing education
What is the ontological assumption of those
espousing a naturalistic paradigm?
Objective reality and those natural
phenomena are regular and orderly.
Phenomena are not haphazard and result from
prior causes.
Reality is multiply constructed and multiply
interpreted by humans.
Reality is not fixed, but is rather a
construction of human minds.
What is the epistemological assumption of
those espousing a positivist paradigm?
The researcher is objective and independent
of those being studied.
Phenomena are not haphazard, but rather have
antecedent causes.
The researcher instructs those being studied to
be objective in providing information.
Reality is not fixed, but is rather a
construction of human minds.
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
10.
A)
C)
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11. What is empiricism?
Making generalizations from specific
observations.
Deducing specific predictions from
generalizations.
Gathering evidence rooted in reality.
Verifying the assumptions on which the study
was based.
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B)
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C)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Which is not a characteristic of traditional
scientific method?
Control over external factors.
Systematic measurement and observation of
natural phenomena.
Deductive reasoning.
Emphasis on a holistic view of a
phenomenon, studied in a rich context.
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B)
those espousing a positivist paradigm?
The researcher is objective and independent
of those being studied.
Phenomena are not haphazard, but rather have
antecedent causes.
The researcher instructs those being studied to
be objective in providing information.
Reality is not fixed, but is rather a
construction of human minds.
12. What is a hallmark of the scientific method?
Infallible
Holistic
Systematic
Flexible
Which of the following limits the power of
13. the scientific method to answer questions
about human life?
The necessity of departing from traditional
beliefs.
The difficulty of accurately measuring
complex human traits.
The inability to control potential biases.
The shortage of theories about human
behavior.
14. What is a criticism of the scientific method?
Deductive
Deterministic
Empirical
Reductionist
A)
B)
C)
D)
15.
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A)
B)
What is involved in naturalistic qualitative
research?
Involves deductive processes
Takes places in the field.
Focuses on the idiosyncrasies of those being
studied.
Attempts to control the research context to
better understand the phenomenon being
studied.
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A researcher wants to investigate the effect of
16. patients' body position on blood pressure.
This is an example of what type of study?
Qualitative
Constructivist inquiry
Quantitative
Researcher preference of either quantitative or
qualitative
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D)
A researcher is studying the effect of massage
17. on the alleviation of pain in cancer patients.
This is an example of what type of study?
Descriptive
Exploratory
Applied
Basic
A researcher wants to study the process by
which people make decisions about seeking
18.
treatment for infertility. What is the
researcher's paradigmatic orientation?
Positivism
Determinism
Empiricism
Naturalism
19.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the continuum of participation on
research?
Academics to practitioners
Consumers to producers
Journalists to educators
Mentors to novice nurses
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20. What is the goal of explanatory research?
Understand the underpinnings of natural
phenomena and to explain systematic
relationships among them.
Begins with the phenomenon of interest, but
rather than simply observing and describing
it, exploratory research investigates the full
nature of the phenomenon, the manner in
which it is manifested, and the other factors to
which it is related.
Study phenomena about which little is known.
Make predictions and to control phenomena
based on research findings.
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Answer Key
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5.
6.
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8.
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11.
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14.
15.
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20.
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A
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B
D
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B
C
D
B
A
13.
14.
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17.
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20.
B
D
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B
C
D
B
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Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Research utilization begins with empirical
1. findings for consideration in practice settings.
Where does evidence-based practice begin?
Integration of clinical judgments with
A)
research evidence
A desire to abandon decisions based on
B)
custom and authority opinion
A search for the best possible information for
C)
addressing a clinical problem
D)
A critique of existing practices
2. What is indirect research utilization?
Involves changes in nurses' thinking
Involves the direct use of findings in giving
patient care
Involves use of findings to persuade others
Involves changes in patient thinking toward
nurses
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B)
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D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
The student nurse is constructing a
presentation on evidence-based practice.
3.
Which statement should be included in the
introduction about evidence-based practice?
Conscientious integration of current best
evidence with clinical expertise
Utilization of nursing preferences in making
clinical decisions
Theoretical problem-solving strategy
Emphasis on decision making based on
custom
Evidence-based practice typically involves
weighing various types of evidence in an
4. effort to determine best evidence. Most
evidence hierarchies put which systematic
review at the pinnacle?
Randomized controlled trials
Program evaluations
Clinical practice guidelines
Meta-analyses of multiple clinical trials
weighing various types of evidence in an
4. effort to determine best evidence. Most
evidence hierarchies put which systematic
review at the pinnacle?
Randomized controlled trials
Program evaluations
Clinical practice guidelines
Meta-analyses of multiple clinical trials
A)
B)
C)
D)
The terms research utilization and evidencebased practice are sometimes used
5.
synonymously. The two concepts are distinct.
Where does research utilization start?
Uses findings of a study that are related to the
previous research of the topic.
Emphasis is on translating historical
knowledge into real-world applications.
Use of a set of studies in a practical
application unrelated to the original research.
Critique of existing practical applications
unrelated to historical research.
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B)
C)
D)
Which activity will limit researchers to
6. improve the prospect for evidence-based
practice and research utilization?
Conducting high-quality, methodologically
sound studies
Disseminating results to a broad audience
Providing periodical available supports during
regular work hours
Discussing the clinical implications of their
study results in their research reports
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7.
Which is not a major barrier to evidencebased practice in nursing?
The fact that many clinical nurses are not
academically prepared to critically evaluate
nursing research studies
The support of organizations that reward
nurses who engage in research utilization
efforts
The low number of replication of nursing
studies that show promise for utilization
The absence of quality, clinically relevant
nursing studies
There are several resources to support
8. evidence-based practice. What are care
bundles?
Rigorous integrations of research evidence
from multiple studies of a topic
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines
that combine a synthesis and appraisal of
research evidence
Set of interventions to treat or prevent a
cluster of symptoms
Meta-analysis or quantitative methods that
integrate findings statistically
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There are several resources to support
9. evidence-based practice. What is
metasynthesis?
Qualitative, narrative approach to integration
of a study
Quantitative method that integrate findings
statistically
Synthesis and appraisal of research evidence
with specific recommendations
Set of interventions to treat or prevent a
cluster of symptoms
A)
B)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Several models of evidence-based practice
have been developed. Which model focuses
10.
on the use of research from the perspective of
individual clinicians?
ARCC Model
Clinical Nurse Scholar Model
Iowa Model
Stetler Model
A RN is putting research into practice. What
11. step of the process is involved with the
validity of study findings?
Framing an answerable clinical question
Searching for relevant research evidence
Appraising the evidence
Integrating evidence with other factors
B)
C)
D)
A student nurse is trying to find out what a
12. mixed methods synthesis is. What is a mixed
methods synthesis?
Integrate and synthesize both quantitative and
qualitative evidence.
Integrate quantitative evidence.
Integrate and synthesize qualitative evidence.
Integrate qualitative evidence.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Systematic reviews are published in
professional journals. Which database
13.
contains thousands of systematic reviews
related to healthcare interventions?
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Campbell Collaboration
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Joanna Briggs Institute
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
Clinical practice guidelines distill a large
14. body of evidence into a manageable form.
Which describes clinical practice guidelines?
Give general recommendations for evidencebased decision making.
Address all of the issues relevant to a clinical
decision.
Guide clinical practice when there are a
number of published articles.
Completed by researchers.
Which reference is a comprehensive reference
resource that provides an array of clinical
15. information for nurses, including evidencebased care sheets, best practice guidelines,
and point-of-care drug information?
Clinical Evidence
Evidence-based Nursing
Worldviews on Evidence Based Nursing
Nursing Reference Center
Evidence-based practice writers distinguish
16. between background and foreground
questions. What is a background question?
Based on current best research evidence.
Specific, detailed questions about a clinical
problem.
General, foundational questions about a
clinical issue.
D)
Evidence-based practice writers distinguish
16. between background and foreground
questions. What is a background question?
Based on current best research evidence.
Specific, detailed questions about a clinical
problem.
General, foundational questions about a
clinical issue.
Questions located on websites.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Fineout-Overholt and Johnston recommended
a 5-component scheme for formulating
evidence-based practice questions, using the
17.
acronym PICOT as a guide. Which two
components are not always needed in this
model?
P and C
I and O
C and T
P and O
A)
B)
C)
D)
A nurse is putting research into practice. What
18. is the first step that should be considered in
the process?
Framing an answerable clinical question
Searching for relevant research evidence
Appraising and synthesizing the evidence
Integrating evidence with other factors
A)
B)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
19.
Which occurs with individual evidence-based
practice efforts?
Tend to be less formalized approach than
organizational evidence-based practice.
Must take organizational factors into account.
Must take interpersonal factors into account.
Triggers for an individual project include
pressing clinical problems.
Appraisal of Guidelines Research and
20. Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument consists of
ratings of quality on what type of scale?
4-point scale
5-point scale
6-point scale
7-point scale
20. Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument consists of
ratings of quality on what type of scale?
4-point scale
5-point scale
6-point scale
7-point scale
A)
B)
C)
D)
C
A
A
A
C
C
B
C
A
D
C
A
A
B
D
C
C
A
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
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17.
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19.
20.
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Answer Key
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Chapter 3. Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
A pediatric RN undertakes a study of the
effect of low birth weight on infants' cognitive
development. A developmental psychologist
collaborates on the study. A second RN helps
1.
by recruiting families into the study. A
graduate student is asked to give statistical
advice in analyzing the data. This is an
example of what type of study?
A)
Multisite research
B)
Qualitative research
C)
Funded research
D)
Collaborative research
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which term is not used by qualitative
2. researchers to refer to people who participate
in a study?
Informants
Key informants
Study participants
Subjects
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which term is used by both qualitative and
3. quantitative researchers to refer to the
abstractions under study?
Concept
Construct
Phenomenon
Variable
A)
B)
C)
D)
The RN is reading a research article. The
4. article talks about constructs. Which would
most likely be called a construct?
Gender
Body temperature
Uncertainty in illness
Blood type
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B)
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D)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Which term is not used by qualitative
2. researchers to refer to people who participate
in a study?
Informants
Key informants
Study participants
Subjects
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the dependent variable(s) in the
research question “Is the quality of life of
5.
nursing home residents affected by their
functional ability or hearing acuity”?
Quality of life
Functional ability
Hearing acuity
Nursing home residents
What is the independent variable in the
hypothesis “Baccalaureate degree prepared
6. nurses will practice more rehabilitative
nursing measures on a client in an ICU than
will associate degree prepared nurses”?
Associate degree prepared nurses
Baccalaureate degree prepared nurses
Rehabilitative nursing measures
Type of educational background of nurses
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
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Which is a datum from a quantitative study of
8. the labor and delivery experiences of women
over age 40?
Length of time in labor
107 ounces
Infant's Apgar score
Vaginal versus cesarean delivery
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Which is a datum from a qualitative research
9. study on the labor and delivery experiences of
women over age 40?
14.6 hours in labor
60-minute interviews 1 day after delivery
“It was a lot more painful than I ever
imagined.”
15 women with a vaginal delivery
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Which pair of variables is there most likely to
10. be a relationship that could be described as
causal?
Degree of physical activity and heart rate
Stress and coping style
Age and health beliefs
Parity and postpartum depression
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the purpose of an operational
definition in a quantitative study?
State the theoretical meaning of the concept.
Specify how a variable will be defined and
measured.
State the expected relationship between the
variables under investigation.
Designate the conceptual underpinnings of the
variable.
What is the basic distinction in quantitative
studies?
Quantitative and qualitative research
Empirical and nonempirical research
Experimental and nonexperimental research
Population-based and sample-based research
12.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which is widely used by quantitative nurse
researchers?
Ask research questions
Phenomenological
Ethnographic
Grounded theory
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the research tradition that is an
14. approach to understanding people's life
experiences?
Experimental
Phenomenological
Ethnographic
Grounded theory
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C)
D)
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B)
C)
D)
What is the research tradition that focuses on
13. understanding phenomena within a cultural
context?
Experimental
Phenomenological
Ethnographic
Grounded theory
What is the statement of the researcher's
15. expectations or predictions about
relationships among study variables?
Hypothesis
Framework
Research question
Conceptual definition
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the overall plan for answering the
research question?
Sampling plan
Proposal
Problem statement
Research design
What is the aggregate of those to whom a
17. researcher wishes to generalize study results
called?
Gate keepers
Population
Sample
Consumers
A)
B)
C)
D)
18.
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A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the research design in qualitative
studies called?
Experimental
Narrative
Interpretive
Emergent
19.
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B)
C)
D)
Where are registered nurses most likely to
find research results?
Conference presentations
Journal articles
Books
Dissertations
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B)
C)
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What is included in the methods section of a
study?
Review of the literature.
Names of the statistical tests that are going to
be used.
Strategies used to address the problem.
Discussion including recommendations for
the research.
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
D
D
A
C
A
D
B
B
C
A
C
A
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A
C
A
D
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B
C
A
C
A
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A
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B
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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Chapter 4. Reading and Critiquing Research Articles
Which electronic database is widely
recognized as the premier source for
1.
bibliographic coverage of the biomedical
literature?
A)
CINAHL
B)
Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition
C)
ProQuest
D)
MEDLINE
A)
B)
C)
D)
The RN is doing a basic search of articles on
nurses' stress in the ICU. In conducting a
2.
subject search in an electronic database, what
should the nurse type to initiate the search?
An author's name
Restrictions to the search
A topic or keyword
A mapping procedure
In an electronic literature search, what is the
researcher doing when she does not know the
3.
precise keywords for retrieving information
on a topic?
Mapping
Searching
Restricting focus
Copying
A)
B)
C)
D)
5.
There are several strategies for finding studies
on a topic. What is the ancestry approach?
Search for articles that summarize prior
research.
Read the accompanying abstract to determine
whether the article is pertinent to the topic.
Tracking down earlier studies cited in a
reference list of a report.
Using a pivotal study to search forward to
subsequent studies that cited it.
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A)
What is a primary source for a research
literature review?
A description of a study written by
researchers who did the study
A summary of relevant research on the topic
of interest
A thesaurus that directs readers to subject
headings germane to the topic
Any journal article on a topic of interest
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C)
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There are several strategies for finding studies
6. on a topic. What is the descendancy
approach?
Search for articles that summarize prior
research.
Read the accompanying abstract to determine
whether the article is pertinent to the topic.
Track down earlier studies cited in a reference
list of a report.
Use a pivotal study to search forward to
subsequent studies that cited it.
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a secondary source for a research
literature review?
A description of a study written by
researchers who did the study
A summary of relevant research on the topic
of interest
A thesaurus that directs readers to subject
headings germane to the topic
A description of the study by an individual
unconnected with it
A)
researchers who did the study
A summary of relevant research on the topic
of interest
A thesaurus that directs readers to subject
headings germane to the topic
A description of the study by an individual
unconnected with it
B)
C)
D)
The nurse is conducting a literature review.
8. Which will not assist the nurse when
conducting a literature review?
One major purpose of a literature review is to
learn what research has already been done in
the area.
A text word search allows searchers to look
for specific words in all test fields of records
in the electronic database.
The literature review section should conclude
with a critical evaluation of knowledge on the
problem of interest.
Information from anecdotal and opinion
articles is usually included in research
literature.
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B)
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B)
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A)
C)
D)
There are several major steps in preparing a
written research review. What is the first step?
Formulating a question
Devising a search strategy
Conducting a search
Retrieving relevant sources
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When doing a literature review, what type of
10. information will a researcher undertaking a
new study find as an undesirable attribute?
Available research findings
Descriptions of an expert's opinions about the
phenomenon
How the variables of interest have been
operationally defined in prior studies
What research approaches have been used to
study similar problems
Qualitative researchers have varying opinions
about reviewing the literature before doing a
11. new study. What group of researchers is
represented when collection of data occurs
before reviewing the literature?
Grounded theory researchers
Phenomenologists
Ethnographogists
Grounded theory researchers and
phenomenologist
A)
B)
C)
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D)
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Qualitative researchers have varying opinions
about reviewing the literature before doing a
12. new study. What group of researchers often
undertakes a search for relevant materials at
the onset of a study?
Grounded theory researchers
Phenomenologists
Ethnographogists
Grounded theory researchers and
phenomenologist
A)
B)
C)
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B)
C)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Qualitative researchers have varying opinions
about reviewing the literature before doing a
new study. What group of researchers does a
13.
more thorough literature review during data
analysis and interpretation so that findings can
be compared with previous findings?
Grounded theory researchers
Phenomenologists
Ethnographogists
Grounded theory researchers and
phenomenologist
Matrices are a convenient means of
abstracting and organizing information for a
14.
literature review. How many dimension arrays
are present?
Two
Three
Four
Five
Matrices are a convenient means of
abstracting and organizing information for a
15.
literature review. When would a reviewer use
an evaluation matrix?
Record methodological features of a set of
studies.
Record research findings.
Record quality assessment information.
Facilitate thematic analysis of the retrieved
information.
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B)
C)
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Matrices are a convenient means of
abstracting and organizing information for a
16.
literature review. When would a reviewer use
a results matrix?
Record methodological features of a set of
studies.
Record research findings.
Record quality assessment information.
Facilitate thematic analysis of the retrieved
information.
A)
ba
n
B)
C)
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Written literature reviews are undertaken for
many different purposes. In a quantitative
17. research report, what section of the report
would a review of prior research on the
problem under study be located?
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Written literature reviews are undertaken for
many different purposes. In a research report,
18.
what section of the report would limitations of
the study be located?
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
A)
B)
C)
D)
Some features of an electronic search are
20. similar across databases. Which is an example
of a wildcard symbol?
And
Not
Or
Question mark
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
Written literature reviews are undertaken for
many different purposes. In a qualitative
19. research report, what section of the report
would the thematic analysis of the data be
presented?
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
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w
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.te
st
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
D
C
A
A
C
D
D
D
A
B
A
B
C
A
C
B
A
D
C
D
Chapter 5. Ethics in Research
1.
A)
B)
C)
om
D)
What serves as the basis for regulations
affecting research by the U.S. government?
The Nuremberg Code
The Declaration of Helsinki
The Belmont Report
The Code of Ethics of the American
Psychological Association
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an
k.
c
In response to human rights violations,
various codes of ethics have been developed.
2. What was developed after Nazi atrocities
were made public as an international effort to
establish ethical standards?
The Nuremberg Code
The Declaration of Helsinki
The Belmont Report
The Code of Ethics of the American
Psychological Association
A)
B)
C)
st
ba
n
D)
C)
w
D)
w
B)
w
.te
A)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What document covers primarily ethical
3. issues for practicing nurses and includes
principles that apply to nurse researchers?
Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative
Statements
Ethical Research Guidelines for Registered
Nurses
Ethical Guidelines in the Conduct,
Dissemination, and Implementation of
Nursing Research
ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses
The Belmont Report articulated broad
principles on which standards of ethical
4. conduct in research are based. Which is not
considered an ethical principle for protecting
study participants in the report?
Beneficence
Respect for human dignity
Informed consent
Justice
5. What is beneficence?
Performance of some good
Protection from physical and psychological
harm and exploitation
Participants right to self-determination
Freedom to control their own actions
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which ethical principle may be violated if a
7. researcher unobtrusively studies interactions
among patients in a psychiatric hospital?
Confidentiality
Freedom from harm
Right to self-determination
Right to privacy
om
C)
D)
6. What is justice?
Right to fair treatment
Protection from physical and psychological
harm and exploitation
Participants right to self-determination
Freedom to control their own actions
A)
w
What is the safeguard mechanisms by which
8. even the researcher cannot link the participant
with the information provided?
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Informed consent
Right to privacy
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
B)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What provides prospective participants with
9. information needed to make a reasoned
decision about participation?
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Informed consent
Right to privacy
10.
A)
B)
C)
om
D)
11. What is an example of a vulnerable group?
Women hospitalized for a mastectomy
Members of a senior citizen group
People who do not speak English
Pediatric clients
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an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
12.
B)
C)
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w
w
.te
st
D)
B)
C)
D)
What is a major potential risk of research to
participants?
Monetary gains
Access to a new and potentially beneficial
treatment
Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and
experiences with an objective listener.
Physical boredom
ba
n
A)
A)
How can confidentiality of study participants
be increased?
Avoiding the collection of any identifying
information
Avoiding introducing the participants to any
of the research personnel
Placing all identifying information on
computer files rather than in manual files
Placing all identifying information on manual
files rather than in computer files
Researchers can often show their respect for
participants—and proactively minimize
13. emotional risks—by carefully attending to the
nature of the interactions they have with
them. What are debriefing sessions?
Discussions with prospective participants to
obtain informed consent
Discussions with participants after a study to
explain various aspects of the study
Discussions with a human subjects committee
before a study to obtain permission
Discussions before a study that findings will
be shared after data have been analyzed
In a qualitative study that involves multiple
contacts between the researcher and study
14.
participants, what can the researcher
negotiate?
Implied consent
Stipend
Process consent
Risk/benefit ratio
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
15. When is informed consent not obtained?
Researcher pays a stipend to study
participants.
Researcher collects information covertly.
Risk/benefit ratio is low.
Study is determined exempt by Institutional
Review Board.
A)
kt
an
k.
c
B)
C)
w
.te
w
w
B)
st
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Most institutions where research is conducted
have formal committees for reviewing
16.
proposed research plans. In the United States,
what will the committee likely be called?
Research Ethics Board
Institutional Review Board
Ethical Advisory Board
Human Subject Committee
ba
n
D)
17. What is an expedited review?
The committee must consist of five members
to carry out the review.
Research involving no more than minimal
risk can use this procedure.
The researcher must have an affiliation with
an institution.
The research is exempt from the review board
process.
What is an important consideration when
18. nurses choose to use animals as research
subjects?
Must obtain informed consent from the
animal's owner.
Recognize that it is more convenient to use an
animal.
Recognize that it is less costly to use animals
than humans.
Recognize that animals need humane care and
What is an important consideration when
18. nurses choose to use animals as research
subjects?
Must obtain informed consent from the
animal's owner.
Recognize that it is more convenient to use an
animal.
Recognize that it is less costly to use animals
than humans.
Recognize that animals need humane care and
treatment.
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
When can the researcher omit informed
19. consent, when existing data from records and/
or specimens are used?
The study does not involve an intervention.
The researcher is gathering data
anonymously.
Health professional students are used as
subjects.
The study is gathering data from records over
10 years old.
A)
kt
an
k.
c
B)
C)
Under HIPAA regulations, a covered entity
such as a hospital can disclose individually
20. identifiable health information from its
records if the patient signs an authorization
granting access. What does this include?
Who will receive the information
Why they need the information
The Social Security number of the patient
If the data is not specifically obtained for the
research
ba
n
D)
w
.te
st
A)
B)
C)
w
D)
w
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
C
A
A
C
A
A
C
B
C
A
D
D
B
C
B
A
C
B
C
A
D
D
B
C
B
B
B
D
B
A
om
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
C)
w
D)
w
.te
B)
w
A)
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
Chapter 6. Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
1. What is a research problem?
Situation involving an enigmatic or disturbing
A)
situation amenable to disciplined inquiry
Articulation of the problem and description of
B)
the need for a study through the development
of an argument
Specific queries researchers want to answer in
C)
addressing the problem
Specific accomplishments that will be
D)
achieved by conducting the study
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nature of the research question is closely
2. allied to paradigms. What is the focus of
research questions for a quantitative study?
Undertaken because some aspect of a
phenomenon is poorly understood
Developed within a rich and context bound
understanding of the problem
Initiated to heighten awareness and create a
dialogue about a phenomenon
Identified major variables in the study and
populations under investigation are present.
Which is correct about the research question
“What is the decision making process
3.
among intensive care unit nurses who decide
to assist terminally ill patients to die?”
Most likely to be addressed using a
quantitative approach
Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative
approach
Not researchable
Not appropriately worded
to assist terminally ill patients to die?”
Most likely to be addressed using a
quantitative approach
Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative
approach
Not researchable
Not appropriately worded
B)
C)
D)
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
5.
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w
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.te
B)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
Researchers communicate their aims as
problem statements, statements of purpose,
6.
research questions, or hypotheses. What are
hypotheses?
Essential to the conduct of respectable
scientific enquiry
Needed only when there is an explicit
theoretical framework
Useful in giving direction to quantitative
studies
Not appropriate for many nursing research
studies
ba
n
st
A)
C)
Which is not considered in determining the
feasibility of a research question?
Cooperation of participants
Ethical concerns
Relevant theories
Researcher experience
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an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
Where is the nurse likely to have difficulty
getting an idea for research problems?
Theories of conceptual frameworks
Clinical experience
Nursing code of ethics
Nursing literature
om
A)
“Women who jog regularly are more likely to
have amenorrhea than those who do not jog
7.
regularly” is an example of what type of
hypothesis?
Null
Not corrected stated
Directional
Nondirectional
8. What is a moderator variable?
Affect the strength or direction of a
relationship between independent variables
Affect the strength or direction of a
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables
8. What is a moderator variable?
Affect the strength or direction of a
relationship between independent variables
Affect the strength or direction of a
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables
Intervene between the independent and
dependent variable
Help to explain why the relationship exists
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
9. What is a complex hypothesis?
Predicted relationship between one
independent variable and one dependent
variable
Predicted direction of the relationship
Anticipated existence of relationships, not
their direction
Anticipated relationship between two
independent variables and two dependent
variables
A)
kt
an
k.
c
B)
C)
st
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the type of hypothesis for “a person's
10. emotional status is not affected by relocation
to a nursing home”?
Directional
Nondirectional
Research
Null
ba
n
D)
Researchers communicate their aims as
problem statements, statements of purpose,
11.
research questions, or hypotheses. What is the
statement of purpose?
Summarizes the overall study goal.
Specific query researchers want to answer in
addressing the research problem.
Articulate the nature, context, and
significance of the problem.
Statement of predicted relationships between
two or more variables.
12.
A)
B)
C)
om
D)
The registered nurse knows that which is
correct about hypotheses in research reports?
Hypotheses derived from theory are generally
nondirectional in wording.
Hypotheses are more abstract than purpose
statements.
Qualitative research proceeds with
hypotheses.
Hypotheses must express the expected
relationship among at least three variables.
kt
an
k.
c
Researchers communicate their aims as
problem statements, statements of purpose,
research questions, or hypotheses. What does
13.
“subjects receiving antiemetic therapy by a
patient controlled pump will be less
nauseous” represent?
Hypothesis
Problem statement
Statement of purpose
Research question
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
st
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of hypothesis is represented by the
statement “the fewer social supports an
14.
elderly person has, the more likely the
individual will be institutionalized.”?
Directional
Nondirectional
Research
Null
What type of hypothesis is represented by the
statement “women who smoke are as likely to
15.
have low-birth-weight babies as women who
do not”?
Directional
Nondirectional
Research
Null
A)
B)
C)
D)
What intervenes between the independent and
dependent variable?
Moderator variable
Mediating variable
Hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
A)
B)
C)
D)
Researchers communicate their aims as
problem statements, statements of purpose,
research questions, or hypotheses. What does
the following statement represent, “Nausea
and vomiting are common side effects among
17.
patients on chemotherapy, and interventions
to date have been only moderately successful
in reducing these effects? New interventions
that can reduce or prevent these side effects
need to be identified.”
Hypothesis
Problem statement
Statement of purpose
Research question
C)
w
D)
w
.te
B)
w
A)
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Not all problems are amendable to research
18. inquiry. Which question cannot be
researched?
Should voluntary tubal ligations be performed
on women without children?
What are nurses' attitudes toward voluntary
tubal ligations?
What moral dilemmas are perceived by nurses
who might be involved in assisted suicide?
Do terminally ill patients living with high
levels of pain hold more favorable attitudes
toward assisted suicide than those with less
pain?
19. What is a nondirectional hypothesis?
Predicted relationship between one
independent variable and one dependent
variable
Predicted direction of the relationship
Anticipated existence of relationships, not
their direction
Anticipated relationship between two
independent variables and two dependent
variables
19. What is a nondirectional hypothesis?
Predicted relationship between one
independent variable and one dependent
variable
Predicted direction of the relationship
Anticipated existence of relationships, not
their direction
Anticipated relationship between two
independent variables and two dependent
variables
A)
B)
C)
D)
20. What is a simple hypothesis?
Predicted relationship between one
independent variable and one dependent
variable
Predicted direction of the relationship
Anticipated existence of relationships, not
their direction
Anticipated relationship between two
independent variables and two dependent
variables
om
A)
B)
kt
an
k.
c
C)
D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A
D
B
C
C
C
C
B
D
D
A
B
A
A
D
B
B
A
C
A
w
w
w
.te
st
ba
n
Answer Key
Chapter 7. Finding and Reviewing Research Evidence in the Literature
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
What criteria do quantitative researchers use
2. to assess the accuracy and consistency of
information obtained in a study?
Reliability
Trustworthiness
Dependability
Confirmability
kt
an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
3.
st
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
What refers to evidence of the researcher's
objectivity?
Reliability
Trustworthiness
Dependability
Confirmability
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What criteria do qualitative researchers use to
assess the quality of a study?
Validity
Reliability
Accuracy
Dependability
A thermometer measured a child's
temperature as 98.1°F one minute and as
4.
98.1°F the next minute. What can we assume
about the thermometer?
Valid instrument
Reliable instrument
Trustworthy instrument
Dependable instrument
What is achieved when the research methods
5. engender confidence in the truth of the data
and the researchers' interpretations?
Trustworthiness
Dependability
Confirmability
Credibility
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Qualitative researchers discuss methods of
enhancing the study's data by what method?
Trustworthiness
Dependability
Confirmability
Credibility
A)
B)
C)
D)
A researcher finds that a small number of
subjects did not provide accurate information
8. because they had just completed a rigorous
session with the physical therapist. What is
this an example of?
Sample bias
Systematic bias
Random bias
Absolute bias
w
A spring scale consistently measures people's
weights 4 pounds lighter than their true
9.
weight. What type of bias would this data be
on the weight?
Sample bias
Systematic bias
Random bias
Absolute bias
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
7. Which can cause bias in a study?
Participants' truthful responses
Researcher subjectivity
Consistent methods of data collection
Adequate study design
A)
B)
C)
D)
The researcher wants to explore the extent to
10. which qualitative findings can be transferred
to other settings. What is this called?
Reflexivity
Generalizability
Transferability
Thick description
A)
B)
C)
D)
The researcher wants to explore the extent to
12. which quantitative findings can be applied to
other groups and settings. What is this called?
Reflexivity
Generalizability
Transferability
Thick description
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is concealing information from
participants, research agents such as data
13.
collectors, care providers, or data analysts to
enhance objectivity called?
Comparing
Relative timing
Masking
Transferring
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the process of reflecting critically on
11. the self and of scrutinizing personal values
that could affect interpretation?
Reflexivity
Generalizability
Transferability
Thick description
A)
B)
C)
D)
A researcher uses multiple sources or
14. referents to draw conclusions about what
constitutes the truth. What is this called?
Triangulation
Dependability
Confirmability
Credibility
A researcher designs a study to determine if a
new teaching modality will benefit a
particular group of special education students
15.
that the researcher has been working. Which
design would the researcher be most likely to
use?
Comparison between two or more groups.
Comparison of one group's status at two or
more points in time.
Comparison of one group's status under
different circumstances.
Comparison based on relative rankings.
15.
A)
B)
C)
D)
particular group of special education students
that the researcher has been working. Which
design would the researcher be most likely to
use?
Comparison between two or more groups.
Comparison of one group's status at two or
more points in time.
Comparison of one group's status under
different circumstances.
Comparison based on relative rankings.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Researchers often incorporate comparisons
into their designs to enhance interpretability.
17.
What occurs when different groups of people
are compared?
Between-subjects design
Within-subjects design
Mixed design
Cross-sectional design
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What technique is the researcher using to
16. control extraneous variables to the study
purpose that can obscure understanding?
Confounding
Reflexivity
Generalizability
Transferability
A)
B)
C)
D)
18.
What type of research design involves
collecting data at one point in time?
Between-subjects design
Within-subjects design
Longitudinal design
Cross-sectional design
A study addressing quality of life of a group
of patients who had undergone various
19. treatments for coronary artery disease was
gathered 1 year and 8 years after their
treatment. What type of study is this called?
Panel
Follow-up
Trend
Cohort
A)
B)
C)
D)
Answer Key
D
A
D
B
D
A
B
C
B
C
A
B
C
A
C
A
A
D
B
B
w
w
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
om
A researcher is conducting a small-scale trial
run designed to test methods to be used in a
20.
larger, more rigorous study. What type of
study is this called?
Panel
Feasibility
Trend
Cohort
Chapter 8. Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
What is a broad abstract characterization of
1.
phenomena?
A)
Theory
B)
Descriptive theory
C)
Grand theory
D)
Middle-range theories
2.
A)
B)
om
C)
kt
an
k.
c
D)
3. What thoroughly describes a phenomenon?
Theory
Descriptive theory
Grand theory
Middle-range theories
4.
w
w
w
.te
st
A)
B)
C)
D)
5. What are the building blocks of theory?
Propositions
Relationships
Hypotheses
Concepts
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What attempt to describe large segments of
the human experience?
Theory
Descriptive theory
Grand theory
Middle-range theories
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
The power of theories lies in the ability to do
what?
Capture the complexity of human nature by
the richness of the operational definitions
associated with the variables.
Minimize the number of words required to
explain phenomena and, thereby, eliminate
semantic problems.
Prove conclusively that relationships exist
among the phenomena studied.
Specify the nature of the relationships that
exist among phenomena and offer
explanations.
What is the major similarity between theories
and conceptual models?
Use concepts as their building blocks.
Use the deductive reasoning process almost
exclusively.
Contain a set of logically interrelated
propositions.
Provide a mechanism for developing new
propositions from the original propositions.
A)
Use concepts as their building blocks.
Use the deductive reasoning process almost
exclusively.
Contain a set of logically interrelated
propositions.
Provide a mechanism for developing new
propositions from the original propositions.
B)
C)
D)
7. What are conceptual maps?
Stimulate new research with the use of a
schematic model.
Explain phenomena and relationships among
them with a map.
Map the integration of knowledge into
coherent systems to explain the key
relationships that exist.
Graphic, theory-driven representations of
phenomena and their relationships using
symbols or diagrams and a minimal use of
words.
A)
B)
om
C)
kt
an
k.
c
D)
8.
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which model explains and predicts the health
promotion component of lifestyle?
Adaptation Model
Conservation Model
Health Promotion Model
Self-Care Model
Several conceptual models and grand theories
9. of nursing have been developed. Which
concept is not central to models for nursing?
Human beings
Environment
Health
Social support
Which model finds humans as adaptive
10. systems that cope with change through
adaptation?
Adaptation Model
Conservation Model
Health Promotion Model
Self-Care Model
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Whose major conceptual model of nursing is
used by researchers?
Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Watson's Theory of Caring
Rizzo's Theory of Human Becoming
A)
B)
C)
D)
13. What did the nurse theorist Roy develop?
Adaptation Model
Theory of Caring
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Health Care Systems Model
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
12. Which is an example of a borrowed theory?
Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Watson's Theory of Caring
Rizzo's Theory of Human Becoming
15.
w
w
.te
14. What did the nurse theorist Neuman develop?
Adaptation Model
Theory of Caring
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Health Care Systems Model
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
st
A)
B)
C)
D)
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which type of theory is often a precursor to
predictive theories?
Explanatory theory
Grand theory
Middle-range theory
Situation-specific theory
What is an example of a nursing theory that
has been described as a grand theory?
Adaptation Model
Theory of Caring
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Theory of Human Becoming
A)
B)
C)
D)
Theories differ in their level of generality and
abstraction. What type of theory attempts to
18. explain such phenomena as decision making,
stress, comfort, health promotion, and
unpleasant symptoms?
Explanatory theory
Grand theory
Middle-range theory
Situation-specific theory
A)
B)
C)
D)
All research studies have a framework. What
19. type of framework is used in a research study
based on a theory?
Schematic framework
Practice framework
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
w
w
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
Theories differ in their level of generality and
abstraction. What type of theory purports to
17.
describe and explain large segments of the
human experience?
Explanatory theory
Grand theory
Middle-range theory
Situation-specific theory
A)
B)
C)
D)
The key to Rogers' conceptual framework are
her principles of homeodynamics, which
represent a way of viewing unitary human
20.
beings and provide guidance to nursing
practice. The principles include integrality,
helicy, and resonancy. What is resonancy?
Nonlinear domain without temporal or spatial
attributes
Concerns the continuous and mutual
processes between human and environmental
fields
Continuous and innovative diversity of human
and environmental field patterns
Continuous change from lower- to higherfrequency wave patterns in human and
environmental energy fields.
Concerns the continuous and mutual
processes between human and environmental
fields
Continuous and innovative diversity of human
and environmental field patterns
Continuous change from lower- to higherfrequency wave patterns in human and
environmental energy fields.
B)
C)
D)
A
D
B
C
D
A
D
C
D
A
A
B
A
D
A
D
B
C
C
D
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
om
Answer Key
Chapter 9. Quantitative Research Design
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of design occurs when the
2. researcher simultaneously manipulates two
independent variables?
Crossover
Factorial
Single-blind
Cluster randomization
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research design occurs when
researchers start with a presumed cause and
1.
then go forward in time to the presumed
effect?
Cohort
Counterfactual
Randomized controlled
Factorial
What type of design occurs when the
2. researcher simultaneously manipulates two
independent variables?
Crossover
Factorial
Single-blind
Cluster randomization
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What would happen to the same people
simultaneously exposed and not exposed to
5.
the casual factor in an idealized research
model?
Confounding
Counterfactual
Causality
Manipulation
ba
n
st
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
What does the using random numbers tables
for assigning subject to groups eliminate?
Systematic bias
Ethical problems
Need for a control group
Unnecessary manipulation
kt
an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a limitation of the research design for
a quantitative study?
Whether there will be a theoretical context
Whether there will be an intervention
What types of comparisons will be made
How many times data will be collected
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
Various criteria are used to establish causality.
One criterion is that an observed relationship
between a presumed cause and an effect
6.
cannot be explained as being caused by other
variables. What is the observed relationship
between a presumed cause called?
Confounding
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Counterfactual
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is occurring when the nurse researcher
8. manipulates the independent variable by
introducing a treatment or intervention?
Control
Counterfactual
Randomization
Manipulation
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is occurring when the nurse researcher
assigns people to experimental and control
9.
groups at random to make the groups
comparable at the outset?
Control
Counterfactual
Randomization
Manipulation
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of design occurs in retrospective
studies with data on both the dependent and
7.
independent variables collected at a single
point in time?
Cross-sectional
Case control
Prospective
Correlational
Everyone in the experimental group usually
gets the same intervention as delineated in
10. formal protocols. What occurs when the study
is tailored to meet individual needs or
characteristics?
Placebo
Patient-centered intervention
Attention control
Stratification
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of study occurs when a sample of
both users and nonusers of oral contraceptives
12. over a 20-year period are followed to
determine if there were any long-term side
effects?
Controlled
Retrospective
Prospective
Crossover
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher wants to avoid bias
stemming from participants' awareness of
group status or study hypotheses. What is this
called?
11.
1. Attention control
2. Stratification
3. Masking
4. Blinding
1, 2
1, 3
2, 4
3, 4
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of correlational study begins with
the outcome and looks back in time for
13. antecedent causes by comparing individuals
that have a disease with controls who do not
have the disease?
Case control
Retrospective
Prospective
Crossover
The nurse researcher is dividing research
participants into groups of men and women
14. before equating the groups on all
characteristics that could affect study
outcomes. What is this technique called?
Placebo
Patient-centered intervention
Attention control
Stratification
A)
B)
C)
D)
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher is describing how
phenomena are interrelated without invoking
17.
a casual explanation. What type of study is
occurring?
Descriptive correlational
Univariate descriptive
Path analytic
Cohort
ba
n
w
w
w
.te
st
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is one weakness of correlational
studies?
Prevalence of cases
Incidence of cases
Relative risk of groups
Self-selection of groups
kt
an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
What is occurring when the nurse researcher
15. documents the frequency of new research
cases over a given time period?
Prevalence
Incidence
Relative risk
Self-selection
The nurse researcher is documenting the
frequency with which middle-aged women
18.
performed breast self-examination. What type
of study is occurring with the documentation?
Descriptive correlation
Univariate descriptive
Prevalence
Incidence
What type of research design occurs when the
nurse researcher gives the comparison group
19.
the experimental intervention at a later point
in time?
Propensity matching
Switching replication
Time series
Nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest
19.
A)
B)
C)
D)
nurse researcher gives the comparison group
the experimental intervention at a later point
in time?
Propensity matching
Switching replication
Time series
Nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest
What type of research design involves an
experimental intervention but no
20.
randomization and supports causal
inferences?
Quasi-experimental
Crossover
Factorial
Experimental
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
D
C
B
D
C
A
D
B
D
A
B
B
A
w
w
w
.te
st
ba
n
Answer Key
Chapter 10. Sampling and Data Collection in Quantitative Studies
Sampling is familiar to us all. In the course of
daily activities, we make decisions and draw
conclusions through sampling. A nursing
1.
student may select an elective course by
sampling two or three classes on the first day
of the semester. What is sampling?
Identification of a set of elements used for
A)
selecting study participants
Established population characteristics to
B)
determine who could participate in a study
Process of selecting a subset of the population
Sampling is familiar to us all. In the course of
daily activities, we make decisions and draw
conclusions through sampling. A nursing
1.
student may select an elective course by
sampling two or three classes on the first day
of the semester. What is sampling?
Identification of a set of elements used for
selecting study participants
Established population characteristics to
determine who could participate in a study
Process of selecting a subset of the population
to represent the entire population
Technique for ensuring that every element in
the population has an equal chance of being
included in the study
A)
B)
C)
om
D)
2. What is bias sampling?
Elements are selected by nonrandom
methods.
Most readily available or convenient group of
people for the sample.
Referrals for potential participants are made
by those already in the sample.
Systematic over- or under-representation of
an attribute vis-à-vis the population.
kt
an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
st
w
.te
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of sampling occurs in which
3. referrals for potential participants are made by
those already in the sample?
Convenience
Snowball
Quota
Consecutive
ba
n
D)
4.
Which type of sampling are strata
incorporated into the design?
Convenience
Snowball
Quota
Consecutive
The nurse researcher is collecting information
about the population sample. What is the
5.
basic population unit about which information
is collected called?
Population
Element
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher knows it is important to
make a distinction between target and
6.
accessible populations. What is the target
population?
Aggregate of cases that conform to designated
criteria and that are accessible for a study.
Aggregate of cases about which the
researcher would like to generalize.
Characteristics of individuals that must not be
included in the research sample.
Characteristics of individuals that meet the
specific population characteristics.
A)
om
B)
kt
an
k.
c
C)
D)
The nurse researcher knows it is important to
7. make a distinction between target and
accessible populations. What is a population?
Aggregate of cases that conform to designated
criteria and that are accessible for a study
Aggregate of cases about which the
researcher would like to generalize
Entire aggregation of cases in which a
researcher is interested
Characteristics of individuals that meet the
specific population characteristics
ba
n
A)
B)
w
.te
st
C)
D)
about the population sample. What is the
basic population unit about which information
is collected called?
Population
Element
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher wants to use a
probability sample in the research study.
9.
Which is an example of a probability
sampling method?
Convenience
Cluster
Purposive
Quota
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher knows that samples and
sampling plans vary in quality. What is a key
8.
consideration in assessing a sample in a
quantitative study?
Representativeness
Probability
Nonprobability
Strata
The nurse researcher wants to use a
probability sample in the research study.
9.
Which is an example of a probability
sampling method?
Convenience
Cluster
Purposive
Quota
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher is using a sampling
design that is especially likely to yield a
10.
representative sample. What type of sample is
this called?
Systematic
Convenience
Purposive
Quota
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
11.
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which type of sample is considered to be the
weakest for quantitative studies?
Convenience
Quota
Purposive
Systematic
The nurse is hand picking the sample based
on the researcher's knowledge about the
12.
population. What type of sample is this
called?
Purposive
Snowball
Network
Chain
The nurse researcher is trying to yield a
13. representative sample. What type of
nonprobability design should be utilized?
Quota
Snowball
Network
Chain
A)
B)
C)
D)
A nurse research used a probability type
systematic sampling plan. The sample size
15. was 200. The sampling interval was 250. The
first element drawn was 196. What would the
second element be?
396
446
496
646
A)
B)
C)
D)
A nurse researcher used a systematic
sampling design. The known population size
16.
is 3200, and the desired sample size is 160.
What is the sampling interval?
16
20
160
320
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher has to consider the
14. procedure of weighing in the sample. What
type of sampling design would be considered?
Proportionate
Disproportionate
Simple random
Quota
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of sampling divides the population
17. into homogeneous strata from which elements
are selected at random?
Probability sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
The nurse researcher is reviewing a research
18. article that used a cluster sample. What is a
cluster sample?
Selection of every kth case from a list
Standard distance between the selected
elements in the sample
Multistaged selection of random samples
from larger units
Divides the population into homogeneous
strata to ensure representation of subgroups
18. article that used a cluster sample. What is a
cluster sample?
Selection of every kth case from a list
Standard distance between the selected
elements in the sample
Multistaged selection of random samples
from larger units
Divides the population into homogeneous
strata to ensure representation of subgroups
A)
B)
C)
D)
19.
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of analysis do nurse researchers
use to estimate sample size needs?
Power
Systematic
Interval
Multistage
kt
an
k.
c
The nurse researcher is reviewing a research
20. article that used systematic sampling. What is
systematic sampling?
Selection of every kth case from a list
Standard distance between the selected
elements in the sample
Multistaged selection of random samples
from larger units
Divides the population into homogeneous
strata to ensure representation of subgroups
A)
B)
ba
n
C)
st
D)
w
w
w
.te
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
C
D
B
C
B
B
C
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
A
A
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
A
A
Chapter 11. Qualitative Designs and Approaches
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of design occurs when the
2. researcher simultaneously manipulates two
independent variables?
Crossover
Factorial
Single-blind
Cluster randomization
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
kt
an
k.
c
ba
n
st
3.
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research design occurs when
researchers start with a presumed cause and
1.
then go forward in time to the presumed
effect?
Cohort
Counterfactual
Randomized controlled
Factorial
4.
What is a limitation of the research design for
a quantitative study?
Whether there will be a theoretical context
Whether there will be an intervention
What types of comparisons will be made
How many times data will be collected
What does the using random numbers tables
for assigning subject to groups eliminate?
Systematic bias
Ethical problems
Need for a control group
Unnecessary manipulation
What would happen to the same people
simultaneously exposed and not exposed to
5.
the casual factor in an idealized research
model?
Confounding
Counterfactual
Causality
Manipulation
A)
B)
C)
D)
Various criteria are used to establish causality.
One criterion is that an observed relationship
between a presumed cause and an effect
6.
cannot be explained as being caused by other
variables. What is the observed relationship
between a presumed cause called?
Confounding
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Counterfactual
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of design occurs in retrospective
studies with data on both the dependent and
7.
independent variables collected at a single
point in time?
Cross-sectional
Case control
Prospective
Correlational
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What would happen to the same people
simultaneously exposed and not exposed to
5.
the casual factor in an idealized research
model?
Confounding
Counterfactual
Causality
Manipulation
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is occurring when the nurse researcher
8. manipulates the independent variable by
introducing a treatment or intervention?
Control
Counterfactual
Randomization
Manipulation
What is occurring when the nurse researcher
assigns people to experimental and control
9.
groups at random to make the groups
comparable at the outset?
Control
Counterfactual
Randomization
Manipulation
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher wants to avoid bias
stemming from participants' awareness of
group status or study hypotheses. What is this
called?
11.
1. Attention control
2. Stratification
3. Masking
4. Blinding
1, 2
1, 3
2, 4
3, 4
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
Everyone in the experimental group usually
gets the same intervention as delineated in
10. formal protocols. What occurs when the study
is tailored to meet individual needs or
characteristics?
Placebo
Patient-centered intervention
Attention control
Stratification
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of study occurs when a sample of
both users and nonusers of oral contraceptives
12. over a 20-year period are followed to
determine if there were any long-term side
effects?
Controlled
Retrospective
Prospective
Crossover
What type of correlational study begins with
the outcome and looks back in time for
13. antecedent causes by comparing individuals
that have a disease with controls who do not
have the disease?
Case control
Retrospective
Prospective
Crossover
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher is dividing research
participants into groups of men and women
14. before equating the groups on all
characteristics that could affect study
outcomes. What is this technique called?
Placebo
Patient-centered intervention
Attention control
Stratification
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is occurring when the nurse researcher
15. documents the frequency of new research
cases over a given time period?
Prevalence
Incidence
Relative risk
Self-selection
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
13. antecedent causes by comparing individuals
that have a disease with controls who do not
have the disease?
Case control
Retrospective
Prospective
Crossover
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
st
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is one weakness of correlational
studies?
Prevalence of cases
Incidence of cases
Relative risk of groups
Self-selection of groups
The nurse researcher is describing how
phenomena are interrelated without invoking
17.
a casual explanation. What type of study is
occurring?
Descriptive correlational
Univariate descriptive
Path analytic
Cohort
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research design occurs when the
nurse researcher gives the comparison group
19.
the experimental intervention at a later point
in time?
Propensity matching
Switching replication
Time series
Nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research design involves an
experimental intervention but no
20.
randomization and supports causal
inferences?
Quasi-experimental
Crossover
Factorial
Experimental
w
w
Answer Key
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher is documenting the
frequency with which middle-aged women
18.
performed breast self-examination. What type
of study is occurring with the documentation?
Descriptive correlation
Univariate descriptive
Prevalence
Incidence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
D
C
B
D
C
A
D
B
D
A
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
D
C
B
D
C
A
D
B
D
A
B
B
A
kt
an
k.
c
om
Chapter 12. Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies
Qualitative researchers use the conceptual
demands of the study to select articulate and
1. reflective informants with certain types of
experience in an emergent way. What is a
typical qualitative sample?
A)
Large, random
B)
Small, random
C)
Large, nonrandom
D)
Small, nonrandom
ba
n
st
w
.te
A)
B)
C)
D)
Qualitative researchers often begin with a
sample where potential participants come
2.
forward and identify themselves. What type
of sample is being used?
Convenience
Snowball
Purposive
Purposeful
A)
B)
C)
D)
Many qualitative studies eventually evolve to
4. selecting cases that will most benefit the
study. What type of sample is being used?
Convenience
Volunteer
Snowball
Purposive
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
Qualitative researchers, like quantitative
researchers, sometimes ask early informants
3.
to refer to other study participants. What type
of sample is being used?
Convenience
Snowball
Purposive
Purposeful
Many qualitative studies eventually evolve to
4. selecting cases that will most benefit the
study. What type of sample is being used?
Convenience
Volunteer
Snowball
Purposive
A)
B)
C)
D)
The broad category of purposive sampling
5. involves general goals. What is one of the
broad general goals?
Find examples that are representative or
typical of a specific group on some dimension
of interest.
Sampling to set up the possibility of
comparisons or replications across similar
types of cases on a dimension of interest.
Find examples that are representative or
typical of a broader group on some dimension
of interest.
Sampling to set up the possibility of
comparisons or replications across random
cases on a dimension of interest.
om
A)
kt
an
k.
c
B)
C)
st
w
.te
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Various purposive sampling strategies have
been used by qualitative researchers. What is
6.
an important purposive strategy for sampling
for representativeness or comparative value?
Maximum variation sampling
Critical case sampling
Criterion sampling
Sampling politically important cases
ba
n
D)
Although many qualitative sampling
strategies unfold while in the field, purposive
sampling in the sequential category involves
7.
deliberative emergent efforts. What is an
example of this category of purposive
sampling?
Opportunistic sampling
Reputational case sampling
Critical case sampling
Stratified purposeful sampling
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of sample involves selecting cases
that are especially important or illustrative?
Critical case sampling
Maximum variation sampling
Homogeneous sampling
Typical case sampling
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of sample adds new cases based on
changes in research circumstances or in
10.
response to new leads that develop in the
field?
Theory-based sampling
Opportunistic sampling
Sampling confirming and disconfirming cases
Sampling politically important cases
w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
w
.te
st
ba
n
kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of sample identifies and gains
access to a case representing a phenomenon
9.
that was previously inaccessible to research
scrutiny?
Critical case sampling
Criterion sampling
Revelatory case sampling
Sampling politically important cases
What type of sample selects cases based on a
11. recommendation of an expert or key
informant?
Homogeneous sampling
Typical case sampling
Extreme case sampling
Reputational case sampling
12.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of sample selects cases that are
intense but not extreme?
Typical case sampling
Extreme case sampling
Intensity sampling
Stratified purposeful sampling
What type of sample occurs when only
13. average, above average, or below average
cases are selected?
Typical case sampling
Extreme case sampling
Intensity sampling
Stratified purposeful sampling
A)
B)
C)
D)
14.
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A)
B)
C)
D)
15.
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A)
C)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which type of sample may require more cases
to reach data saturation?
Convenience sample
Purposive sample
Theoretical sample
Extreme case sample
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
B)
What main qualitative tradition is theoretical
sampling guided by?
Ethnography
Phenomenological studies
Grounded theory studies
Sociology
16. What is data saturation?
Sampling to the point at which new
information is continually obtained
Sampling to the point at which new
information is continually obtained with no
redundancy
Sampling to the point at which no new
information is obtained with any redundancy
Sampling to the point at which no new
information is obtained and redundancy is
achieved
What type of researcher often uses key
17. informants who serve as guides and
interpreters of the culture?
Ethnographers
Phenomenologists
Grounded theory researchers
Sociologists
A)
B)
C)
D)
19.
Grounded theory researchers typically work
with what size sample?
10 or fewer
11–15
16–19
20–30
kt
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A)
B)
C)
D)
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Phenomenologists typically work with what
18. size sample who meets the criterion of having
lived the experience under study?
10 or fewer
11–15
16–19
20–30
ba
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Generalizability in qualitative research is
controversial. What widely used model of
generalizability involves judgments about
20.
whether findings from an inquiry can be
extrapolated to a different setting or group of
people?
Analytic generalization
Transferability
Thick description
Proximal similarity
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Answer Key
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A)
B)
C)
D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
D
A
B
D
C
A
A
A
C
B
D
C
D
C
A
D
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A
A
C
B
D
C
D
C
A
D
A
A
D
B
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Chapter 13. Mixed Methods and Other Special Types of Research
Mixed methods research involves the
1. collection, analysis, and integration of what
type of data?
A)
Qualitative only
B)
Quantitative only
C)
Both qualitative and quantitative
D)
Neither qualitative or quantitative
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st
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
Mixed methods studies involve at least how
2. many questions that require different types of
data?
One
Two
Three
Four
In terms of sequencing, mixed method
3. designs can either be concurrent or sequential.
What is a sequential design
Both strands occurring in one simultaneous
phase.
Both strands occurring prior to informing the
third and fourth strand.
One strand occurring prior to and informing
the second strand.
Two strands occurring prior to and informing
the third and fourth strand.
In terms of sequencing, mixed method
4. designs can either be concurrent or sequential.
What is a concurrent design?
Both strands occurring in one simultaneous
phase.
Both strands occurring prior to informing the
third and fourth strand.
One strand occurring prior to and informing
In terms of sequencing, mixed method
4. designs can either be concurrent or sequential.
What is a concurrent design?
Both strands occurring in one simultaneous
phase.
Both strands occurring prior to informing the
third and fourth strand.
One strand occurring prior to and informing
the second strand.
Two strands occurring prior to and informing
the third and fourth strand.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Notation for mixed method research
designates both priority and sequence. How is
6.
sequence identified for the concurrent
designs?
All capital letters
All lower-case letters
An arrow
Plus sign
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A)
B)
C)
D)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Notation for mixed method research
5. designates both priority and sequence. How is
priority identified for the dominant strand?
All capital letters
All lower-case letters
An arrow
Plus sign
A)
B)
C)
D)
Notation for mixed method research
designates both priority and sequence. How is
7.
sequence identified for the nondominant
strand?
All capital letters
All lower-case letters
An arrow
Plus sign
Notation for mixed method research
8. designates both priority and sequence. What
type of research is identified by QUAN(qual)?
Sequential, qualitative-dominant design
Sequential, qualitative-nondominant design
Qualitative component embedded within a
quantitative study
Quantitative component embedded within a
qualitative study
Notation for mixed method research
8. designates both priority and sequence. What
type of research is identified by QUAN(qual)?
Sequential, qualitative-dominant design
Sequential, qualitative-nondominant design
Qualitative component embedded within a
quantitative study
Quantitative component embedded within a
qualitative study
A)
B)
C)
D)
There are specific mixed method designs in
9. the Creswell–Plano Clark taxonomy. What do
(QUAL + QUAN) represent?
Triangulation
Embedded
Explanatory
Exploratory
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A)
B)
C)
D)
There are specific mixed method designs in
the Creswell–Plano Clark taxonomy. What
10.
does (QUAN → qual or quan → QUAL)
represent?
Triangulation
Embedded
Explanatory
Exploratory
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A)
B)
C)
D)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
There are specific mixed method designs in
the Creswell-Plano Clark taxonomy. What
11.
does (QUAL → quan or qual → QUAN)
represent?
Triangulation
Embedded
Explanatory
Exploratory
What type of sampling strategy occurs when
12. some of the participants from one strand are
in the other strand?
Identical
Nested
Parallel
Multilevel
What type of sampling strategy occurs when
some of the participants are either in one
13.
strand or the other, but drawn from a similar
population?
Identical
Nested
Parallel
Multilevel
A)
B)
C)
D)
om
Data collection in mixed methods research
can involve all methods of structured and
14.
unstructured data. In sequential designs, how
are decisions about data collection made?
Second phase are based on findings from the
first phase.
Third phase are based on findings from the
first phase.
Fourth phase are based on findings from the
second phase.
Fifth phase are based on findings from the
fourth phase.
kt
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A)
B)
C)
C)
Methods of integration of qualitative and
quantitative data during analysis include data
15.
conversions. What is the use of meta-matrices
mean?
Qualitizing of quantitative data
Quantitizing of qualitative data
Both qualitative and quantitative data are
arrayed in a spreadsheet type of matrix.
Assessment of congruence and exploration of
complementarity.
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A)
B)
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ba
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D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Creswell and Plano Clark identified broad
types of research situations that are especially
16.
well suited to mixed methods research. What
is one of these types of research situations?
Concepts are new and poorly understood and
there is a need for quantitative exploration.
The qualitative results are puzzling and
difficult to interpret and quantitative data can
help to explain the results.
The findings from both approaches can be
greatly enhanced with a third source of data.
Neither a qualitative nor a quantitative
approach by itself is adequate in addressing
the complexity of the research problem.
The qualitative results are puzzling and
difficult to interpret and quantitative data can
help to explain the results.
The findings from both approaches can be
greatly enhanced with a third source of data.
Neither a qualitative nor a quantitative
approach by itself is adequate in addressing
the complexity of the research problem.
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research design involves the
separate but concurrent collection of
18.
qualitative and quantitative data, followed by
qualitative and quantitative analysis?
Convergence model
Data transformation model
Multilevel model
Correlational model
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A)
B)
C)
D)
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
The purpose of this design is to obtain
different, but complementary data about the
17.
central phenomenon under study. What type
of design has this purpose?
Triangulation
Embedded
Explanatory
Exploratory
A)
B)
C)
D)
19.
What type of research design would use a
correlational model?
Triangulation
Embedded
Explanatory
Exploratory
Criteria that have been proposed for
enhancing the integrity of mixed methods
20. studies included inference quality and
inference transferability. What is inference
transferability?
The believability and accuracy of inductively
derived conclusions.
The believability and accuracy of deductively
derived conclusions.
The degree to which conclusions can be
applied to different people or contexts.
The degree to which conclusions can be
applied to similar people or contexts.
A)
derived conclusions.
The believability and accuracy of deductively
derived conclusions.
The degree to which conclusions can be
applied to different people or contexts.
The degree to which conclusions can be
applied to similar people or contexts.
B)
C)
D)
C
B
A
C
A
C
B
C
A
C
D
B
C
A
C
D
A
B
B
D
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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Answer Key
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Chapter 14. Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data
Quantitative nurse researchers typically
1. develop a detailed data collection plan. At one
point is this plan implemented?
A)
Before beginning data collection
B)
During data collection
C)
After data collection
D)
Before beginning and during data collection
A)
B)
C)
D)
A nurse researcher documents the number of
times a mother made positive, encouraging
2.
comments to the toddler. This is an example
of what?
Structured self-report
Unstructured self-report
Structured observation
Unstructured observation
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
3.
A)
What is the first step in the development of a
data collection plan in a quantitative study?
Locating existing instruments for key
constructs
Identifying and prioritizing data needs
Developing suitable forms for data collection
Pretesting data collection instruments
om
B)
C)
D)
comments to the toddler. This is an example
of what?
Structured self-report
Unstructured self-report
Structured observation
Unstructured observation
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When a nurse researcher is selecting an
4. instrument for a research project, what is the
primary consideration?
Conceptual relevance
Data quality
Cost
Reputation
st
A)
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B)
C)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is advisable for a nurse researcher who
5. is administering a questionnaire to a highly
disadvantaged population?
Pretest the questionnaire with a less
disadvantaged sample.
Collect data about the study participants'
reactions to the study.
Determine the readability level of the
questionnaire.
Use mostly open-ended questions in the
questionnaire.
ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
When would a nurse researcher not consider
6. the use of a pretest in a quantitative research
design?
Assess whether the sequencing of questions
or instruments is sensible.
Determine if the measures yield data with
sufficient variability.
Identify questions that participants find
objectionable or offensive.
Prioritize data collection requirements.
The nurse researcher has finalized the
instrument package and has to develop
7.
various forms. Which form will not be
necessary at this time?
Screening
Informed consent
Administrative logs
Referral
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
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Nurse researchers develop data collection
protocols to ensure accurate, valid, and
8.
meaningful data. What is a data collection
protocol?
Spells out procedures to be used in data
collection
Very important in qualitative research to
minimize subjectivity
Developed after research staff is trained
Varies only marginally from one study to
another study
A)
B)
C)
ba
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D)
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w
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
st
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What method of data collection is most
widely used by nurse researchers?
Structured self-report
Unstructured self-report
Structured observation
Unstructured observation
The nurse researcher is using a structured
self-report instrument with open- and closed10.
ended questions. What is an open-ended
question?
Permits respondents to reply in narrative
fashion
Offers response alternatives from which
respondents must choose
Offers a range of alternatives
Requires a choice between two options
The nurse researcher is using a structured
11. self-report instrument with dichotomous
questions. What is a dichotomous question?
Permits respondents to reply in narrative
fashion
Offers response alternatives from which
respondents must choose
Offers a range of alternatives
Requires a choice between two options
A)
B)
om
C)
D)
The nurse researcher is using a structured
12. self-report instrument with forced-choice
questions. What is a forced-choice question?
Requires a choice between two options
Offers a range of alternatives
Respondents are asked to rank concepts on a
continuum
Requires respondents to choose between two
competing positions
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A)
B)
C)
13.
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nurse researcher is using the FACES pain
scale instrument. What is this an example of?
Forced-choice question
Rating question
Checklist
Visual analog scale
ba
n
D)
The nurse researcher is using a composite
14. psychosocial scale. What is a composite
psychosocial scale?
Several questions with the same response
format
Multiple-item self-report tool for measuring
the degree to which individuals possess target
attributes.
Comprises a series of statements about a
phenomenon
Consists of a series of bipolar rating scales on
which respondents indicate reactions toward a
phenomenon
15.
A)
B)
C)
om
D)
The nurse researcher reads about Q sort in a
research article. What is Q sort?
Sorts a set of card statements into piles
according to specified criteria
Several questions with the same response
format
Comprises a series of statements about a
phenomenon
Consists of a series of bipolar rating scales on
which respondents indicate reactions toward a
phenomenon
A)
B)
C)
D)
Structured self-reports are vulnerable to the
risk of reporting biases. What type of bias is
17. occurring when the tendency of some people
is to respond to questions in characteristic
ways, independent of content?
Response set
Social desirability
Extreme response
Acquiescence
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k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research activity is used to
16. assess respondents' perceptions, hypothetical
behaviors, or decisions?
Q sorts
Semantic differentials
Event history calendar
Vignettes
A)
B)
C)
D)
18.
The nurse researcher is involved in time
sampling. What is time sampling?
Captures data about the occurrence of events
Specification of the duration and frequency of
observational periods and intersession
intervals
Selects integral behaviors or events of a
special type for observation
Observers rate phenomena along a dimension
that is typically bipolar
The nurse researcher reads that the halo effect
19. occurred during data collection. What is the
halo effect?
Tendency for observers to rate everything
positively
Tendency for observers to rate everything
harshly
Tendency of observers to be influenced by
one characteristic in judging other, unrelated
characteristics
Occurs when extreme events are distorted
toward middle ground
A)
B)
C)
om
D)
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Answer Key
A
C
B
A
C
D
D
A
A
A
D
D
D
B
A
D
A
B
C
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Chapter 15. Interpretation and Clinical Significance in Quantitative Research
Researchers who collect quantitative data
typically progress through a series of steps in
the analysis and interpretation of their data.
1. Careful researchers lay out a data analysis
plan in advance to guide that progress. What
phase involves various clerical and
administrative tasks?
A)
Preanalysis
B)
Preliminary assessments and actions
C)
Principal analysis
D)
Interpretation of quantitative results
A)
B)
C)
D)
Careful researchers lay out a data analysis
plan in advance to guide that progress. What
2.
phase involves collection of data on numerous
variables?
Preanalysis
Preliminary assessments and actions
Principal analysis
Interpretation of quantitative results
A)
B)
C)
D)
3. How must quantitative data be coded?
Missing values
Letter codes
Numerical values
Wild codes
ba
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kt
an
k.
c
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
1. Careful researchers lay out a data analysis
plan in advance to guide that progress. What
phase involves various clerical and
administrative tasks?
Preanalysis
Preliminary assessments and actions
Principal analysis
Interpretation of quantitative results
A)
B)
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.te
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A)
B)
C)
D)
w
D)
st
C)
A)
B)
C)
D)
4. What is a wild code?
Numerical value
Missing value
Values that lie outside the normal range of
values
Codes that are not legitimate
5.
What is the error prone process that requires
verification?
Outliers
Data cleaning
Data entry
Consistency checks
Decisions on handling missing values must be
based on the amount of missing data and how
6.
missing data are patterned. When is
addressing missing data especially important?
Sensitivity analyses
Intention-to-treat analyses
Missing completely at random values pattern
Missing at random values pattern
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Steps must almost always be taken to evaluate
7. missing data problems. What occurs with a
missing completely at random values pattern?
Missing values are just a random sample of
all cases in the population.
Missing values are just a random subsample
of all cases in the sample.
Missingness is related to other variables but
not related to the value of the variable that has
the missing values.
A pattern in which the value of the variable is
missing is related to its missingness.
A)
om
B)
C)
kt
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k.
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D)
There are two missing values strategies that
involve deletion or imputation. What is the
8.
analysis of those cases for which there are no
missing data?
Listwise deletion
Pairwise deletion
Available case analysis
Data transformations
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w
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.te
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ba
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
missing data are patterned. When is
addressing missing data especially important?
Sensitivity analyses
Intention-to-treat analyses
Missing completely at random values pattern
Missing at random values pattern
There are two missing values strategies that
involve deletion or imputation. What is the
9.
most widely used approach to delete cases
selectively on a variable-by-variable basis?
Listwise deletion
Pairwise deletion
Complete case analysis
Data transformations
There are two missing values strategies that
involve deletion or imputation. What is
10.
occurring with a regression-based estimation
of missing values?
Mean substitution
Expectation maximization imputation
Complete case analysis
Available case analysis
A)
B)
C)
D)
12.
13.
What is the best method for addressing
missing value problems?
Expectation maximization
Multiple imputations
Mean substitution
Subgroup mean substitution
14. What is the simplest imputation procedure?
Expectation maximization
Multiple imputations
Mean substitution
Subgroup mean substitution
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.te
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ba
n
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
A data cleaning procedure involves
consistency checks. What does this focus on?
Internal data consistency
External data consistency
Checking for outliers
Checking for wild codes
kt
an
k.
c
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is an activity that is completed during
the preanalysis phase?
Entering, verifying, and cleaning data
Assessing and handling missing values
problems
Assessing data quality
Assessing bias
om
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Assessing data quality is an early analytic
task. A value is considered an extreme outlier
15.
when if it is how many times greater than the
interquartile range above the third quartile?
1
2
3
4
A)
B)
C)
D)
Researchers often undertake preliminary
analyses to assess biases. What type of bias
17.
should nurse researchers check for when there
are multiple points of data collection?
Nonresponse
Volunteer
Selection
Attrition
kt
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om
A)
B)
C)
D)
Researchers often undertake preliminary
analyses to assess biases. What type of bias
should nurse researchers check for when
16.
nonrandomized comparison groups are used
and compared to the groups' baseline
characteristics?
Nonresponsive
Volunteer
Selection
Attrition
A)
w
.te
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w
D)
st
B)
C)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is occurring with the KolmorogovSmirnov test?
Tests that the distribution deviates
significantly from a normal distribution.
Tests that the median deviates significantly
from a normal distribution.
Tests that the distribution does not deviate
significantly from a normal distribution.
Tests that the median does not deviate
significantly from a normal distribution.
ba
n
18.
What effect can occur when a nurse
researcher accumulates a sample over an
19.
extended period of time to achieve adequate
sample sizes?
Overt effect
Cohort effect
Ordering effect
Carryover effect
What type of analysis occurs when test
20. research hypotheses using different
assumptions or different strategies?
Substantive
Descriptive
Supplementary
Sensitivity
A)
B)
C)
D)
A
C
C
D
C
B
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
C
C
C
D
C
B
D
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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Answer Key
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Chapter 16. Analysis of Qualitative Data
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the first major step that a nurse
1. researcher must undertake in a qualitative
analysis?
A search for major themes
Entering information into files
The use of quasi-statistics
Developing a system for organizing and
indexing the data
Before the advent of computer programs for
2. qualitative analysis, what was the main
procedure for managing qualitative data?
Conceptual files
Core categories
Memos
Themes
A)
B)
C)
D)
3.
om
A)
B)
C)
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D)
Some qualitative analysts use figurative
4. comparisons to evoke a visual and symbolic
analogy. What is this called?
Themes
Categories
Metaphors
Quasi-statistics
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C)
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B)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What does the actual analysis of data usually
begin with?
A search for major themes
Entering information into files
The use of quasi-statistics
Developing a system for organizing and
indexing the data
5.
What does the process of constant comparison
involve?
Comparing two researchers' interpretation of
the data
Comparing the researchers' interpretation of
the data against study participants'
interpretation
Comparing data segments against other
segments for similarity
Comparing data from the study with data and
categories from other similar studies
6. What is quasi-statistics?
Statistical analysis
Validation
Thematic generation
Analytic induction
One approach to analyzing ethnographic data
7. is Spradley's method, which involves how
many levels of data analysis?
1
2
3
4
8.
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A)
B)
C)
D)
9.
What type of analysis compares and contrasts
terms in a domain?
Domain
Taxonomic
Componential
Theme
10.
What type of analysis selects key domains
and constructs systems of classification?
Domain
Taxonomic
Componential
Theme
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.te
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ba
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of analysis uncovers cultural
themes?
Domain
Taxonomic
Componential
Theme
om
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Leininger and McFarland provided
ethnographers with a four-phase ethno
11.
nursing data analysis guide. What is the first
phase?
Collecting and recording data
Categorizing descriptors
Searching for repetitive patterns
Abstracting major themes
In Van Manen's approach, this involves efforts
to grasp the essential meaning of the
12.
experience being studied, researchers search
for themes. What is the holistic approach?
Find common patterns of experiences shared
by particular instances.
Viewing text as a whole.
Pulling out key statements and phrases.
Analyzing every sentence in the analysis
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Hermeneutics has several choices for data
analysis. One approach is the discovery of a
14.
pattern that expresses the relationships among
themes. What is this pattern called?
Constitutive
Constant comparison
Similarity comparison
Dissimilarity comparison
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C)
D)
Central to analyzing data in a hermeneutic
13. study is the notion of the hermeneutic circle.
What is a hermeneutic circle?
Find common patterns of experiences shared
by particular instances.
Continual movement between the parts and
the whole of the text.
Pulling out key statements and phrases.
Analyzing every sentence in the analysis
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A)
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B)
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
Benner offers another analytic approach for
hermeneutic phenomenology. The
15.
interpretative analysis consists of how many
interrelated processes?
1
2
3
4
One approach to grounded theory is the
Glaser and Strauss (Glaserian) method, in
16.
which there are two broad types of codes.
What is theoretical code?
Empirical substance of the topic is
conceptualized.
Relationships among the substantive codes
are conceptualized.
Capture what is going on in the data.
Only variables relating to a core category are
One approach to grounded theory is the
Glaser and Strauss (Glaserian) method, in
16.
which there are two broad types of codes.
What is theoretical code?
Empirical substance of the topic is
conceptualized.
Relationships among the substantive codes
are conceptualized.
Capture what is going on in the data.
Only variables relating to a core category are
coded.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
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B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
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C)
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Substantive coding involves selective coding.
What is selective coding?
Empirical substance of the topic is
conceptualized.
Relationships among the substantive codes
are conceptualized.
Capture what is going on in the data.
Only variables relating to a core category are
coded.
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18.
D)
Substantive coding involves open coding.
What is open coding?
Empirical substance of the topic is
conceptualized.
Relationships among the substantive codes
are conceptualized.
Capture what is going on in the data.
Only variables relating to a core category are
coded.
om
17.
19.
What are level III codes in the Glaser and
Strauss approach?
Axial codes
In vivo codes
Open codes
Theoretical constructs
Strauss and Corbin's method is an alternative
grounded theory method whose outcome is a
20.
full preconceived conceptual description.
What is an axial code?
Categories are generated.
Categories are linked with subcategories.
Findings are integrated.
Findings are refined.
20.
A)
B)
C)
D)
grounded theory method whose outcome is a
full preconceived conceptual description.
What is an axial code?
Categories are generated.
Categories are linked with subcategories.
Findings are integrated.
Findings are refined.
D
A
A
C
C
B
D
D
C
B
A
B
B
A
C
B
C
D
D
B
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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Answer Key
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Chapter 17. Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research
What is one contentious issue in the debate
1.
about quality concerns in qualitative research?
A)
The sameness of the two methods
Criteria to use as indicators of validity and
B)
reliability
The place of imagination in qualitative
C)
research
The need for high-quality research in both
D)
traditions
A)
B)
C)
D)
The most-often used framework of quality
criteria is that of Lincoln and Guba. How
2.
many criteria are identified for evaluating
trustworthiness of the inquiry?
2
3
4
5
The most-often used framework of quality
criteria is that of Lincoln and Guba. How
2.
many criteria are identified for evaluating
trustworthiness of the inquiry?
2
3
4
5
A)
B)
C)
D)
3.
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A)
B)
C)
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D)
4.
A)
B)
C)
What is authenticity in the often-used
framework of quality criteria?
Confidence in the truth value of the findings
Stability of data over time and conditions.
Objectivity or neutrality of the data.
Extent to which researchers fairly and
faithfully show a range of different realities
and convey the feeling tone of lives as they
are lived.
The qualitative study has a lot of stability of
data over time and conditions. What term is
5.
somewhat analogous to reliability in
quantitative studies?
Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
Transferability
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D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is credibility in the often-used
framework of quality criteria?
Confidence in the truth value of the findings
Stability of data over time and conditions
Objectivity or neutrality of the data
Analog of external validity and the extent to
which findings from the data can be
transferred to other settings or groups
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What term is the analog of external validity in
quantitative studies?
Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
Transferability
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is confirmability in the often-used
framework of quality criteria?
Confidence in the truth value of the findings
Stability of data over time and conditions
Objectivity or neutrality of the data
Analog of external validity and the extent to
which findings from the data can be
transferred to other settings or groups
A)
B)
C)
D)
In the view of Whittemore and colleagues'
framework, four primary criteria are essential
to all quality inquiry. The terminology
9.
overlaps with Lincoln and Guba's framework
regarding two criteria. Which two criteria
overlap?
Authenticity and criticality
Creativity and congruence
Integrity and creativity
Credibility and authenticity
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A)
B)
C)
D)
In the view of Whittemore and colleagues'
framework, four primary criteria are essential
8.
to all quality inquiry. What is one of the
primary criteria?
Credibility
Creativity
Congruence
Explicitness
A)
B)
C)
D)
An alternative framework, representing a
synthesis of 10 qualitative validity schemes
10. by Whittemore and colleagues, proposed four
primary criteria and six secondary criteria.
What is criticality?
Researcher's critical appraisal of every
research decision
Demonstrated by ongoing self-scrutiny to
enhance the likelihood that interpretations are
valid and grounded in the data
Ability to follow the researcher's decisions
through careful demonstration
Involves rich and vivid descriptions
An alternative framework, representing a
synthesis of 10 qualitative validity schemes
11. by Whittemore and colleagues, proposed four
primary criteria and six secondary criteria.
What is explicitness?
Researcher's critical appraisal of every
research decision
Demonstrated by ongoing self-scrutiny to
enhance the likelihood that interpretations are
valid and grounded in the data
Ability to follow the researcher's decisions
through careful demonstration
Involves rich and vivid descriptions
A)
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B)
C)
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D)
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A)
st
B)
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C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
An alternative framework, representing a
synthesis of 10 qualitative validity schemes
12. by Whittemore and colleagues, proposed four
primary criteria and six secondary criteria.
What is integrity?
Researcher's critical appraisal of every
research decision
Demonstrated by ongoing self-scrutiny to
enhance the likelihood that interpretations are
valid and grounded in the data
Ability to follow the researcher's decisions
through careful demonstration
Involves rich and vivid descriptions
An alternative framework, representing a
synthesis of 10 qualitative validity schemes
13. by Whittemore and colleagues, proposed four
primary criteria and six secondary criteria.
What is sensitivity?
Degree to which an inquiry reflects respect
and compassion for those being studied.
Interconnectedness between parts of the
inquiry and the whole, and between study
findings and external contexts
Comprehensive data and the full development
of ideas
Reflects challenges to traditional ways of
thinking
Strategies for enhancing the quality of
qualitative data as they are being collected
14.
include prolonged engagement. What is
prolonged engagement?
Vivid recording of information including
maintenance of an audit trail of key decisions
Strives at achieving adequate depth of data
coverage
Strives for adequate scope of data coverage
Process of using multiple referents to draw
conclusions about constitutes the truth
A)
B)
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C)
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D)
15. What is triangulation?
Use of multiple data sources to validate
conclusions
Use of multiple methods to collect data about
the same phenomenon
Process of using multiple referents to draw
conclusions about constitutes the truth
Independent coding and analysis of at least a
portion of the data by two or more researchers
A)
B)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a strategy for enhancing quality
16. during the coding and analysis of qualitative
data?
Investigator triangulation
Data triangulation
Method triangulation
Research credibility
17. What is theory triangulation?
Use of multiple data sources to validate
conclusions
Use of multiple methods to collect data about
the same phenomenon
Use of competing theories or hypotheses in
the analysis and interpretation of data
Independent coding and analysis of at least a
portion of the data by two or more researchers
A)
B)
C)
D)
A formal scrutiny of the research process and
audit trial documents occurs by an
19.
independent external auditor. What is the term
for this process?
Negative case analysis
Peer debriefing
Inquiry audit
Research credibility
A)
B)
C)
D)
There is widespread agreement that
qualitative researchers need to devote time
and energy to analyzing and documenting
20.
their presuppositions, biases, and ongoing
emotions. What commitment does this
represent?
Transparency
Absorption and Diligence
Verification
Reflexivity
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Answer Key
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A)
B)
C)
D)
18. What is the purpose of a peer briefing?
Internal validity of data
Reliability of data
External validity of data
Reliability and validity of data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
B
D
A
D
B
D
C
A
D
A
A
B
A
C
C
A
C
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A
D
A
A
B
A
C
C
A
C
C
C
D
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Chapter 18. Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analysis and Metasynthesis
What is similar in the steps for both
1.
quantitative and qualitative integration?
A)
Searching for a problem to solve
B)
Searching the literature for primary studies
C)
Reviewing the summary data
D)
Developing a statistical model
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B)
C)
Evidence-based practice relies on rigorous
integration of research evidence on a topic
2.
through systematic reviews. What is a
systematic review?
Use of carefully developed sampling and data
collection procedures that are spelled out
during data collection
Use of methodically integrated data collection
procedures that are spelled out during data
collection in a protocol
Use of carefully developed sampling and data
collection procedures that are spelled out in
advanced in a protocol
Use of methodically integrated data collection
procedures that are spelled out during data
collection
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a criterion for using meta-analytic
technique in a systematic review?
The evidence among the studies is highly
conflicting with many variables.
The hypotheses vary in their predictions; both
null and directional hypotheses are used.
The number of studies can be varied from few
to many.
The independent variable and the dependent
variable should be similar enough to merit
integration.
A)
conflicting with many variables.
The hypotheses vary in their predictions; both
null and directional hypotheses are used.
The number of studies can be varied from few
to many.
The independent variable and the dependent
variable should be similar enough to merit
integration.
B)
C)
D)
4.
A)
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B)
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C)
D)
5.
What is considered an advantage of a metaanalysis?
Use for broad research questions
Use for substantial inconsistency of findings
Subjectivity
Enhanced power
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A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a common scenario for meta-analysis
in a nursing study?
Comparing the percentage of adolescents
using hard drugs to the percentage using
alcohol
Comparing two groups on a continuous
outcome
Predicting health-related behavior from five
different variables
Providing descriptions of caring for the
chronically ill
6.
What is the most common effect size index
used in nursing?
Standardized deviation
Variance
Odds ratio
Sensitivity index
A)
B)
C)
D)
Statistical heterogeneity is an issue in metaanalysis and affects decisions about using a
8.
single true effect size. What is the name for
this single true effect size?
Inverse variance
Fixed effects model
Random effects model
Forest plot
w
A)
B)
C)
D)
7. How can heterogeneity be examined?
Inverse variance
Fixed effects model
Random effects model
Forest plot
A)
B)
C)
D)
Statistical heterogeneity is an issue in metaanalysis and affects decisions about a
9.
distribution of effects. What is the name for
this distribution of effects?
Inverse variance
Fixed effects model
Random effects model
Forest plot
A)
B)
C)
D)
Effects from individual studies are pooled to
yield an estimate of the population effect size
10.
by calculating a weighted average of effects.
What is often used as the weight?
Inverse variance
Fixed effects model
Random effects model
Forest plot
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A)
B)
C)
D)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Statistical heterogeneity is an issue in metaanalysis and affects decisions about using a
8.
single true effect size. What is the name for
this single true effect size?
Inverse variance
Fixed effects model
Random effects model
Forest plot
A)
B)
C)
D)
11. What is the purpose of subgroup analyses?
Random heterogeneity
Nonrandom heterogeneity
Sensitivity analysis
Nonrelated effects
Constructing a funnel plot will assist in
determining how many studies with what type
12.
of results to reverse the conclusion of a
significant finding?
Significant
Nonsignificant
Clinically significant
Clinically specific
There is no consensus on whether systematic
13. reviews should include the grey literature.
What is grey literature?
Published in a nonpeer review journal
Published in a peer review journal
Published report
Unpublished report
A)
B)
C)
D)
14. What is a publication bias?
Stems from over representation of significant
findings in the published literature
Stems from underrepresentation of significant
findings in the published literature
Stems from over representation of
nonsignificant findings in the published
literature
Stems from underrepresentation of
nonsignificant findings in the published
literature
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A)
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B)
C)
15.
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A)
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B)
C)
A)
B)
C)
D)
Paterson and colleagues' meta-study method
16. integrates three components. What are the
three components?
Metadata, metaeffect, metatheory
Metadata, metamethod, metaeffect
Metatheory, metamethod, metaeffect
Metadata, metamethod, metatheory
17.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is an issue with which metasynthesists
have grappled?
Combining studies with findings from
different research traditions.
Including some quantitative analysis of the
demographics of the participants.
Omitting any study that has questionable
quality.
Using studies with subjects form many
different populations
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What is a summary according to Sandelowski
and Barroso?
Interpretative explanation of the data
Statistical explanation of the data
Descriptive synopsis of the data
Preliminary explanation of the data
17.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a summary according to Sandelowski
and Barroso?
Interpretative explanation of the data
Statistical explanation of the data
Descriptive synopsis of the data
Preliminary explanation of the data
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is a synthesis according to Sandelowski
and Barroso?
Interpretative explanation of the data
Statistical explanation of the data
Descriptive synopsis of the data
Preliminary explanation of the data
A)
B)
C)
D)
A metasummary involves developing a list of
19. abstracted findings from the primary studies
and calculating what effect size?
Intensity
Frequency
Specific
Manifest
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18.
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B)
C)
D)
A metasummary involves developing a list of
abstracted findings from the primary studies.
20.
What is the percentage of studies that contain
a given findings called?
Intensity
Frequency
Specific
Manifest
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Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
B
C
C
B
D
C
D
B
C
A
B
B
D
D
om
D
C
D
B
C
A
B
B
D
D
A
D
C
A
D
B
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.