PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1.1 I. Inquiry vs. Research Similarity - To gather and discover a new body of knowledge Starts by asking a question / questions Concept Discovery Inquiry - A broad process that involves different paths or procedures - Asking broad questions involving different procedures Theory - A fact, but would be an accepted idea once proven by experts, scholars or philosophers - Generally utilized by the people Inquiry-based Learning Question Patterns 1. How can/might _____ improve / change / affect ____? 2. What impact did / does _____ have on _____? 3. How does / do / ______ might impact ______? 4. In what ways can we _____? Scope and Depth Research - A formal process with the goal of establishing facts ( FINDING ANSWERS ) - Asks specific questions and involves a formal and systematic procedure Inquiry-based Learning - An approach to learning that emphasizes the exploration of questions and focuses on the process of discovery Inquiry - Research - Students focus on finding an effective way to expedite the answer-process Inquiry… - Benefits: - Improve interpretive thinking - Widens vocabulary - Social awareness and cultural knowledge - Encourages cooperative learning - Enhance your HOTS Students show curiosity by asking high-quality inquiry questions - - Elevates your thinking power by enabling you to arrive at an idea or understanding Inquisitive thinking allows you to shift from one level of thought to another It does not go in a linear fashion; rather, it operates in an interactive manner Inquiry vis-a-vis Research - - II. Inquiry starts from what you are ignorant about Research makes you learn something by means of a problem-solving technique Both encourage you to formulate questions to direct you to the exact information you want to discover Nature of Inquiry & Research Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses standardized ( generally accepted / utilized → have reference to the standardized instrument ) approach to answer questions or solving problems ( Polit & Buck, 2004 ) Research Process 1. Question / SOP 2. Rationale 3. Theoretical Background ( Purpose of Conducting the Study ) 4. RRL / RRS 5. Methodology 6. Results / Data Analysis 7. Recommendation 8. Conclusion Importance of Research - - - Provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline Is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field Helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation ( for innovation ) - - Provides solutions to problems concerning at most all issues encountered in the different areas of work Impacts decision making Purpose of Research - Gather necessary information Make changes Improve standard of living Have a safer life Know the truth Explore our history Understand the arts III. Characteristics of Research Research ● A process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research Inquiry vs. Research Research does not center on mainly raising questions, but carrying out a particular order of research stages The Research Process not an individual task because the knowledge obtained in each stage comes not only from yourself but other people as well ---> Cooperative Learning “Research puts you in a context where a problem exists” - Central to research is your way of discovering new knowledge, applying knowledge in various ways as well as seeing relationships of ideas, events, and situations. Purposes of Research Characteristics of Research IV. Types of Research Accuracy - Data must be correct accurate, and references should be acknowledged - Work independently Work scientifically or systematically In-depth knowledge of something HOTS Basic tools of research Free yourself Based on Application of Research Method ( Is the research theoretical or practical? ) Pure Research Concepts, principles, abstract things Applied Research Societal problems, issues, finding ways to make positive changes in society Objectiveness - Facts not opinions arising from assumptions or generalizations Based on Purpose of Research ( What is the objective or goal in conducting the research? ) Timeliness - Fresh topics that are new and interesting to society Descriptive Research Liable to repeated research because its topic relates itself only to a certain period or a limited number years Relevance - Instrumental to improving society Correlational Research Relationships or connectedness of two factors Explanatory Research Explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of 2 factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists Exploratory Research Investigate questions that have not previously been studied in depth Action Research An ongoing practice for the purpose of Clarity - Simple, directing, concise and correct Systematic - Organized orderly Verbal portrayal or picture and obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system Approaches to Research Multiple triangulation approach - Encourages several methods to collect data and multiple investigators with varied expertise Methods of Research Scientific/ Positive Approach Discover and measure information Naturalistic Approach How people behave toward their surrounding Triangulation Approach View every single angle of the research from different perspectives, add richness and clarity Triangulation Approach - - Used to increase the credibility and validity of research findings Combination of theories, methods or observers in a research study → ensure that fundamental biases arising from the use of a single method or observer overcome Central is the notion that methods leading to the same results give more confidence in research findings Types of Triangulation Data triangulation Periods of time, space and people Investigator triangulation Several researchers in a study Theory triangulation Encourages several theoretical schemes to enable interpretation of a phenomenon Methodological triangulation Promotes the use of several data collection methods such as interviews and observations Inductive ● No theory to test Observation → Pattern → Theory Deductive ● Used to test a theory Theory → Hypothesis → Collect Data → Analyze Data → Confirm Hypothesis V. Processes of Research Identification of Research Problem ● ● ● Formulation of Hypothesis ● ● Review of RRL Research Design ● ● ● Gathering of Data ● ● Good problem → Good research Guides in formulating the hypothesis and interpretation of findings to formulate the right conclusion Basis of all subsequent research activities you are going to undertake Solving a logical relationship between 2 variables Make an educated guess Get a vivid picture of the whole research through reading various publications The work plan of the study Blueprint of the research Implementatio n of research design Prove the validity of the formulated hypothesis Results and Discussion ● Heart of the research process where the findings of the research can be found Conclusions and Recommendations ● Present the solution to the proposed ● ● problem based on the findings of the investigation. It should answer your hypothesis and research problem Recommenda tions are based on conclusions Additional Notes: ● Formulating the Statement of the Problem ( Problem Statement ) “Working Title” → can be edited → conducted → changed once defended Types of Questions to be formulated: ○ ○ General Problem ( 1-2 sentences ) ■ Purpose Statement ■ Time of the Conduct ( School Year 2022-2023 ) ■ Output of the Study ( Development Plan, Action Plan, Enhancement Plan ) Specific Questions Can be answered through interview questions ● Personal ● Survey forms through “Likent scale” ( Have an even amount of positive and negative items on the survey form for each specific question ) Related Literature ● Discusses, defines, describes ○ Topic Sentences ■ Example Resources ■ Academic Textbooks ■ E-books ■ Government sites / websites ■ Research Paper Participants → Willingness ( need to be willing to be involved in the gathering of data ) → Informed consent and Transparency ( especially to someone who do not know ) ● → Name ( optional ) ● Related Studies ● Provides findings or conclusion ○ Resource: ■ Abstract ■ Conclusion ○ Key words to find RRS: “study” / “findings” Resources that can be used: ● ● ● ● Google Scholar Academia.edu Researchgate.net Publish or Perish Application Let participants know the questions and outcomes of the data ● To keep things confidential and anonymous Ensure participants that no other information shall be spread Informed consent → The heart of all ethical codes and guidelines “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. Ways of asking consent 1. Through a Transmittal letter Free and Informed Consent VI. Ethics of Research ● The process of making free and informed decisions Not only the conduct of how we do the research, but also how we deal with the participants of the research ● Individuals who provide informed consent must be legally competent and have enough decision-making-capacity to consent to research Ethics - Moral behavior A system of accepted beliefs that control behavior Ethics in Research - Framework applying broad ethical principles to the responsible conduct of research and to the use of any outcomes resulting from research Possibilities of Backing out: Reasons: ( The importance for the participants to know the questions ) 1. No benefit 2. Risks of security / safety 3. Violated their rights as a person ( can be a form of bias or discrimination ) Importance of Ethics in Research ● Autonomy ● Rights, safety and well being of research participants are the most important considerations and should prevail over the interests of science and society ○ It is the right thing to do ○ Preserves credibility, trust and accountability ○ Reduces liabilities, wasted time and resources → Informing participants through Transmittal letter & verbal agreement ● ● Components of Ethical Research Social Value For the good of the person Scientific Soundness Scientifically conducted standardized approaches are applied Ethical Soundness Level and experience Community Involvement Share not shelf ● ● ● ● PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL RESEARCH Beneficence Respected as a person Commitment is not demanded ( especially to those who have little to no knowledge they have the right to refuse, DON’T FORCE THEM ) Non-Maleficence Necessity of the informed consent Researcher Competence Anticipated Risk Protected against harm and wrong DO NO HARM ( conducting the study to get benefits and positive results ) Know if the study is risky or not Will the participants be safe? Justice ● ● ● At end and not a means Not ONLY respect the decision of the participants, but making sure that the results benefit all Publishing works can help give beneficence ● ● ● ● Equal to other persons Equality in terms of the rights, dignity, benefit and opinion ( equally heard of ) No obvious bias and discrimination Have equal benefit Research Misconduct ● ● Refers to any behavior that deviates from accepted ethical standards in the conduct of research There are many forms of research misconduct, but the most serious are often referred to as the “three cardinal sins” of research misconduct Purpose - Provide insight into the experiences, perspectives, and motivations of participants Data Collection Methods - Uses various data collection method In-depth Interview ( usually individual ) Fabrication The act of making up data or results that never actually occurred Falsification The act of altering or manipulating data or results to make them appear different from what was actually observed Plagiarism The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without giving them proper credit Can be personal or digital If personal ask if they would allow a recording ( video / audio ) Digital ( using digital platforms / call ) ask if they allow video recording Focus Group Discussion VII. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Relies on verbal narratives like spoken or written data Quantitative Uses logical or statistical observations to draw conclusions The once asking the questions given by the researcher: Expert ( 1 ) External Moderator ( 1 ) Participants ( 6 ) Participant Observation Qualitative research - Uses non-numerical data Gain an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon Understand human experiences, behaviors Composed of 8-12 members Consists of: What sets them apart? Qualitative Non-structures ( not limited to the questions provided ) Entails immersion A period specified ( 2 weeks or more ) Interact and communicate with the participants, observation, photography Subjectivity Written texts ( journal entries or case studies ) ● Deals with literature, anecdote records and printed articles ● ● Analysis ● ● ● Iterative and inductive Involves multiple stages, such as coding, categorizing and interpreting the data Goal is to identify patterns, themes, and relationships in the data, and to develop a deep understanding of the phenomenon being studied Generalizability ● ● Deductive Coding ● ● Predetermined codes Before the final gathering of data ○ Areas of interest Inductive Coding ● Read / finalize the dataset before creating the codes Flexibility ● ● ● ● Allows for adjustments to the study design as needed, and the ability to explore unexpected findings Does not rely on predefined variables and measures and allows for the exploration of new or unanticipated phenomena Explore more to have a substantial and strong conclusion EVERYTHING WILL BE BASED ON RESPONDENTS’ ANSWERS Relies on the interpretation of the researcher Take steps to minimize their own biases through techniques such as reflexivity and member checking ○ Can build a strong connection between researcher and participant ○ Create a different type of objective conclusion ● Lack of generalizability, as the results cannot be generalized to a larger population Allows for an in-depth understanding of a specific phenomenon, rather than a generalization about a population Generalize in a certain locality or group Limitations ● ● ● Time and resource requirements Potential for researcher bias Difficulty in making comparisons between studies due to the lack of standardized methods Conclusions ● Gain an in-depth understanding of human experiences, behaviors and perspectives Quantitative Research - - Uses numerical data Collected through surveys, experiments and statistical analysis to understand and describe phenomena Measure and quantify variables, establish cause-and-effect relationships, and make generalizations about a larger population Replicability Purpose • systematic, numerical approach of quantitative research makes it easy to replicate the study with the same or a different sample, allowing for verification of results • provide numerical data that can be analyzed and interpreted to gain insights • important for building confidence in the validity of the research findings. Data Collection Methods • Uses various data collection methods, such as surveys, experiments, and secondary data analysis. • Used to collect numerical data that can be analyzed using statistical methods. Analysis • Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and regression analysis • Identify patterns, relationships, and trends in the data, and to make inferences about a larger population. Objectivity • focus is on numerical data and statistical analysis. • minimize researcher bias and provides a more objective understanding of the phenomenon being studied Generalizability • allows for generalization of the results to a larger population • data is collected from a sample that is representative of the population • insights into the characteristics of the larger population Limitations • focus on numerical data, which can limit the researcher's understanding of the experiences and perspectives of the participants. • inflexible, as the structured nature of the research can make it difficult to adjust the study design as needed, or to explore unexpected findings. Conclusions • valuable method for measuring and quantifying variables, establishing cause-and-effect relationships, and making generalizations about a larger population. • allows for a more objective understanding of the phenomenon being studied. VIII. Qualitative Research in Focus ● ● Reality is conditioned by society and people’s intentions A study of things in their natural setting, an act of inquiry or investigation of real-life events ○ Don’t transport participants in a different environment ○ Considering all aspects and no manipulation of data observing people as they live and work Characteristics of Qualitative Research Human understanding and interpretation Active, powerful, and forceful Data analysis results show an individual’s mental, social and spiritual understanding of the world Look at all minute situations Breathing and the way they talk matters Abounds with words and visuals A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of qualitative research. Data gathering through interviews or library reading, as well as presentation of data analysis results, is done verbally You are not fixated to a certain plan Multiple research approaches and methods ( Mixed method approach ) You are free to combine this with quantitative research and usually gathered data and analysis More objective results / outcomes Words come in big quantity Internal Analysis Examine the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject individuals Types of Qualitative Research Case Study Specificity of Generalization Focuses on a particular individual, group or event Specific ideas in a qualitative research are directed to a general understanding of something To gain an in-depth understanding of the particular case, and to identify patterns, themes, and relationships that can be used to develop general insights into the phenomenon being studied It follows an inductive or scientific method of thinking Contextualization Involves all variables, factors or conditions affecting the study Understanding human behavior It is crucial for you to examine the context or situation of an individuals lives Diversified data in real-life situations Prefers collecting data in a natural setting like Ethnography Focuses on understanding the culture, practices, and beliefs of a particular group of people Involves extended immersion in the field, and often involves participant observation and in-depth interviews process ( cycle ) of data collection and analysis, and is grounded in the experiences and perspectives of the Phenomenology Focuses on understanding the essence of a particular experience, from the perspective of the individuals who have experienced it. Used to gain insight into the subjective experiences of individuals participants Coding in Grounded Theory Open Coding Breaking down of data into smaller units and categorizing them Identify core concepts and relationships, basis for the theory Narrative Inquiry The stories and experiences of individuals Understand the meaning and significance of individuals’ experiences, and to gain insight into the ways in which individuals make sense of their lives and the world around them Axial Coding Examining the relationship between the codes generated Linking codes to each other, identifying patterns Selective Coding Synthesizing and integrating the categories, relationships and patterns into a coherent and comprehensive theory → Central thesis of research Historical Analysis The examination of historical events, documents and artifacts to gain insight into the past Understand the historical context of a particular phenomenon and to gain a deeper understanding of how it has evolved over time Grounded Theory Developing a theory that is grounded in data collected from participants. Theory developed through an iterative Advantages of Qualitative Research - Naturalistic Approach Full understanding of human behavior Positive societal changes Respect for People’s individuality Understanding and interpreting social interactions Increases the researcher’s interest in the study Multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge Disadvantages of Qualitative Research - Involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis Hard to know validity or reliability of the data Open-ended questions yield “data overload” Time-consuming Involves several processes
