Synoptic: Bridging the Development Gap
East Africa
Wordle of advance info whole text
Wordle of advance info edited text
East Africa: The key ideas
Development….
Conflict…
Threats…
Players….
Actions….
Futures….
East Asia: Geographical overview
Physical factors:
- Relief
- Climate
- Natural resources (water / energy / food)
Human factors:
- Population density
- HDI
- Colonial legacy and political allies / groupings
- Development
- Population structure / change
- Agriculture
Physical factors: Relief, water and tectonics
Much of E.Africa’s
western interior is
highland, but wet
and fertile
> Tectonics/ horst
and graben/ volcanic
activity
> High population
density
E.African
coast is low
but dry
> Low
population
density
Not many of the region’s rivers/lakes
connect the coast to its interior
> Barrier to development?
> Expensive to create/use land links
Physical factors: Tectonics
E. African Rift:
- Early stage constructive
(divergent) plate boundary
- Continental plate being
thinned by mantle plume
- Horst and graben
topography
> fertile valleys from basalt
eruptions and erosion of valley
sides with wet highlands)
- Leads to wide altitudinal
range > biodiversity
http://geology.com/articles/east-africa-rift.shtml
Physical factors: Climate
What broad summary
can you make about
rainfall levels in
Kenya, Uganda and
Tanzania?
http://www.grida.no/publications/other/aeo/?src=/aeo/032.htm
http://en.climate-data.org/location/541/
Physical factors: Climate and ITCZ
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n5/fig_tab/ncomms2897_F2.html
Physical factors: Climate zones and food
What is the link
between climate, food
production, population
density and natural
hazards in the region?
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m19/activity2.php
Physical factors: Climate zones and food
What is the link
between climate, food
production, population
density and natural
hazards in the region?
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j8227e/j8227e06.htm#TopOfPage
Physical factors: Energy resources
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/interactive/2012/jun/14/bp-world-energy-statistics-production-consumption-reserves
http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics.cfm?fips=eeae
Physical factors: Energy resources
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Thermal (Oil, coal, gas)
22%
11%
1%
Hydro
6%
1%
-
Geothermal
1%
-
-
Wind
0.5%
-
-
Biomass (Wood, Charcoal etc.)
70%
88%
99%
http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Kenya-targets-green-energyinvests-in-geothermal-production-/-/539550/1474724/-/14j1594z/-/index.html
Physical factors: Water resources
http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml
Human factors: Population density
Average pop. densities:
Kenya:
69 people/km2
Tanzania: 46 people/km2
Uganda:
136
people/km2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?titl
e=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3283664_pone.0031743.g001.jpg
Human factors: Development contrasts (HDI)
Human factors: Colonial legacy
Human factors: Cold War allegiances
Further research and definitions of Cold War / WWII:
http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii
Themes/ideas: Sustainable development
Sustainable development
Environmental
safeguarding/
improvement
Social
needs
Economic needs
Development: Rostow’s model
Development: Frank’s dependency theory
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/22/resource-extractioncolonialism-legacy-poor-countries
Development: Myrdal and cumulative causation
Topic map of overall theme
Issues
Physical / human
features
Development Gap:
East Africa
Players
Futures
Actions
Topic map of overall theme
Water
Climate
Physical
features
Rift
Energy
IGOs
Urbanisation
Features/
Characteristics
Human
features
Population
Conflict
TNCs
Development Gap:
East Africa
Global
Players
Regional
Development
Issues
Futures
Local
Actions
HIPC
Aid
Trade
blocs
Use ‘new’
information from
research
Parallel
examples
How can I
be
“synoptic”?
Links to areas of
AS and A2 course
Use of broad
geographical
themes
Statistics
Aral Sea
N.Africa
Mercosur/Cari
com
Parallel
examples
Use ‘new’
information
from research
Nabucco
Water
Conflict
Energy
Security
Links to areas
of AS and A2
course
Superpowers
Biodiversity
Tech Fix
Sand
dams
Updates
East Africa
Going Global
R.Nile
Use of broad
geographical
themes
Globalisation
Inequality
Geopolitics
Sustainability
Climate
change
Parallel examples
Geopolitical tension/conflict over resources (development + water):
> Aral Sea
> Nile
Regional inequalities and conflicts (link to weak governance):
> Middle East
> N.Africa (Maghreb)
Trade blocs
> Mercosur
> Caricom
Major infrastructure project (top-down)
> Nabucco pipeline
Further research / updates
UN / World Bank classification of countries as HIC, MIC, LIC etc..
www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2012country_class.pdf
www.data.worldbank.org
UN OCHA country info:
http://www.unocha.org/eastern-africa/about-us/about-ocha-eastern-africa/kenya
UN Millennium Development Goals:
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
http://www.mdgtrack.org/index.php?tab=c&c=KEN
World Bank data on the countries:
http://data.worldbank.org/country/tanzania
HIPC factsheet (IMF – with good links to other sites):
https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:2026
0411~menuPK:528655~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html
Further research / updates
Population growth:
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-datasheet/world-map.aspx#map/world/population/2013
http://ilri.org/infoserv/Webpub/fulldocs/Critical/resource.htm
Somalia 2010 (drought/conflict/refugees):
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22380352
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DR-2011-000029-KEN_0720.pdf
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=51411
Malaria:
Page from EAC (East African Community) website
http://www.eac.int/health/index.php?option=com_content&id=95%3Amalaria-preventionand-control&Itemid=32
http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/56351
Africa outlook:
http://www.grida.no/publications/other/aeo/
Further research / updates
EAF and background:
http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Can-the-East-African-federation-beathistory-/-/689364/2056238/-/t9jtk1z/-/index.hamlet
Conflict over Lake Victoria:
http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-19-uganda-and-kenya-primed-to-drawarms-over-tiny-lake-victoria-island/#.U47g0l7iltE
Chinese investment:
New railway in Kenya
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27368877
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/interactive/2013/apr/29/chinacommits-billions-aid-africa-interactive
Imports/exports:
http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/tree_map/hs/export/tza/all/show/2010/
Further research /notable gaps
NGOs / Appropriate technology/ sustainable development - Sand dams:
http://www.excellentdevelopment.com/articles/people-amp-communities/sand-damsexplained-in-film
Role of TNCs in development – Camellia plc / tea plantations:
http://www.camellia.plc.uk/our-customers/tea
Tourism and link to development/environment:
- Kenya (safari and marine) e.g. Masai Mara (safari) and coastal tourism)
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/12/tourism-turtles-kenyapopulation
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/east_african_coast/
- Uganda (Gorillas)
http://www.albertinerift.org/Wildlife/Apes/MountainGorillas.aspx
http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/economic-impacts-of-gorilla-tourism-inuganda_b996
- Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Udzungwa NP) http://www.tanzaniaparks.com
Udzungwa: http://www.udzungwa.org/default.asp?pagesID=1 (home)
http://www.udzungwa.org/default.asp?pagesID=47 (info on management)
Ngorongoro: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39
http://www.craterlodge.com
Some ideas for questions #1
1. Explain the variations in current levels of development in East Africa.
2. Explain how the physical, economic and political factors of the region have limited
development to date.
3. Examine the factors that have led to uneven development in the region of East Africa.
4. Account for the recent changes in levels of development in the East African region.
5. Examine the factors that have led geopolitical tension in East Africa.
1. Evaluate the contribution that globalisation has made to development and quality of
life in East Africa.
2. To what extent will trade be important in the development of the East Africa region?
3. To what extent does political tension threaten the future development of East Africa?
…continued on the next slide.
Some ideas for questions #2
1. Assess the severity of potential sources of conflict in East Africa in future.
2. To what extent is conflict in East Africa a threat to the stability and continuing
development of the region?
3. Assess the role of governance in the past and future development of the East
African region.
4. Evaluate the sustainability of the LAPSSET project
1. Examine the roles that a range of Players and Actions could take in helping East
African countries to develop further.
1. Assess the sustainability of continued development in East Africa.
2. Evaluate the social, political and economic threats to further development in East
Africa.