Other English –speaking Countries
2.4.1 Canada
 The
start of dictionaries fromthe
1960s.
 Most of the dictionaries available
imported from Britain or from USA
 Dictionaries of regionalisms
 The most remarkable achievement—
the dictionary of Canadianisms on
Historical Principles
2.4.2 Characteristics of A
Dictionary of Canadianisms
Emphasis on the cultural
particularities of Canada and the
words that go with them .
 The distinctiveness of Canada’s
culture being reflected in the English
vocabulary
 A historical dictionary like the OED

2.4.3 Canadian Senior
 Similar to American
dictionaries
Dictionary





Being sometimes derived from American ones
Material from the Thorndike-Barnhart line of
dictionaries
Adding elements culled from the Dictionary of
Canadianisms on Historical Principals.
Belonging to Canada own general purpose
dictionaries.
Under the title of Gage Canadian Dictionary
2.4.4 Other Dictionaries
 Dictionary
of Prince Edward Island
 Dictionary of Prince Newfoundland
English(1982)
 Penguin Canadian Dictionary on
Collocational Principles—the first
dictionary to be compiled with entirely
Canadian material , about 75000
entries
2.4.5 BILINGUAL CANADIAN
DICTIONARY





1) Goals
Producing a Canadian English-French, FrenchEnglish dictionary intended for sophisticated
language users (publication date: 2004)
Creating a database of Canadian texts in English
and French
Creating a multi-purpose dictionary database
Developing Canadian scholarship in bilingual
lexicography
2) Examples of specific research
studies
 Canadianisms
 the relationship between Canadianisms
and Canadian culture .
 the different types of Canadianisms
found in English and French.
 the translation of English Canadianisms
into French.

 3)
Information Technology
 the establishment of a lexicographic
database
 comparison between paper and
electronic dictionaries
 the use of computerized unilingual
dictionaries to produce a
computerized bilingual dictionary





4) Concrete results
New tools for Canadians
an English-French, French-English general dictionary reflecting current
Canadian usage (the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary). Intended for
all Canadians, but more particularly Canada's language
professionals.
a dictionary database, which can be updated and enlarged in the
future and can be used as the basis for other
dictionaries. Intended for Canadian lexicographers as well as
linguists involved in contrastive research in Canadian French and
English.
a large corpus of Canadian texts in French and English, which can be
used to compile other Canadian dictionaries, to produce language
teaching materials, and to undertake comparative linguistics
research. Intended for Canadian lexicographers, language
teachers and researchers.

the extent to which Canadian English and
Canadian French differ from American or UK
English and Issues of interest to Canadian
society
Of interest to all Canadians and more
particularly language teachers and language
professionals.
 the relationship between culture, language and
dictionaries: why Canada needs its own bilingual
dictionary. Of interest to Canadian policy
makers in the areas of culture and language.
 the application of information technology to
dictionary-making. Of interest to the Canadian
hi-tech indust
2.4.6 The Canadian Oxford
Dictionary
1) the runaway bestseller of 1998, spending over a year
on the Globe and Mail's bestseller list
winning the Canadian Booksellers Association's Libris
awards for Non-fiction Book of the Year and Specialty
Book
300,000 words, senses and definitions combining one
reference book information on English used
worldwide and used particularly in Canada
Definitions for ease of comprehension
Reliable each of entries, the result of
thorough research into the language and
Oxford's unparalleled language resources.
 examining databases containing over 20
million words of Canadian text from more
than 8,000 Canadian sources of an
astonishing diversity for five years.
 examining an additional 20 million words
of international sources.
 5,000 up-to-date words and senses and
2200 uniquely Canadian words and senses,
350 usage notes, 7,000 idiomatic
expressions, 5,500 biographical entries, and
over 5,600 place names.


The comparison between the first and
second edition
First released in 1998, it was a publishing
phenomenon. Quickly recognized as a
landmark record of Canadian English, it
stayed on bestseller lists for over a year and
immediately became the standard
dictionary reference across Canada.
Updated since, it continues to track that
hybrid beast known as Canadian English,
defining thousands of regional and
national idioms and tracking the distinctive
usage hat makes the Canadian version of
the language neither British nor American.

The second edition was launched with a fanfare
of hype that is unusual for a utilitarian reference
book. Its inclusion of distinctively Canadian
entries launched a thousand lighthearted radio
clips. Its tremendous utility as a reference work,
however, wasn't touted on the morning shows.
The Canadian Oxford Dictionary has been the
standard reference work on English as it is
spoken and written in Canada since it was first
published in 1998. It is the dictionary of choice
for nearly every newspaper, broadcaster,
magazine, and publishing house in the country.
It's a mandatory purchase for any Canadian
whose life or living is dependent on the written
word, and belongs in every Canadian library.

It adds a number of revisions--some large, some
tiny. A new clutch of Canada-specific words has
been introduced, and the biographies and
geographical notes have been revised and
expanded. These goodies are pleasing enough,
but they don't explain why every Canadian who
writes will need this dictionary: it's the single
most essential document of Canadian English, a
language that is neither British nor American.
There are a thousand tiny inflections of spelling
and usage, many of which are being eroded by
International English, especially as it is enforced
by Microsoft spell-checking routines. The
dictionary's preferred usage toes the Canadian
line, but in a passive way.

This is a dictionary of the living language. A good
dictionary lags about five years behind street-level slang
and races 40 years ahead of linguistic pedants, and the
editors at Oxford University Press have found this
sweet spot. Alongside the much-touted Canadian words,
browsers will find hip-hop slang, political euphemisms,
and marketing jargon. There may not be enough that's
truly new to this edition to justify the purchase price for
casual readers and writers who already own the first
edition. But even writers who couldn't care less about
nouns that end with "ice" and verbs that end with "ise"
will find the Canadian Oxford Dictionary useful as a
comprehensive guide to the English of the day.

Aiming at adults and older students, the Canadian Oxford also
indicates preferred Canadian pronunciation and spellings; most
of the rest of the lexical text, however, adheres closely to that
found in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1995. 9th ed.). The
dictionary also includes brief entries for some 800 prominent
Canadians and 1200 Canadian places, both useful encyclopedic
features. The dictionary has two major competitors, the ITP
Nelson Canadian Dictionary (Nelson Canada, 1996) and the Gage
Canadian Dictionary (Gage, 1996). All three are reasonably current,
similar in size (1700+ pages), and do a first-rate job of covering
the small body of active Canadian English vocabulary, though the
Canadian Oxford has a slight quantitative edge, claiming "almost
two thousand Canadianisms, more than any other general
dictionary." Most Canadian libraries will want all three, and larger
U.S. libraries ought to have at least one, with the Canadian
Oxford as the logical first choice.



Being written by five Canadian lexicographers and
originally published in June 1998. Wordsmiths regard
this work as the foremost authority on current
Canadian English. It encompasses 130,000 entries,
including 2,000 Canadian words, 500 Canadian
regionalisms, 1,200 Canadian place names, 800
Canadian biographies and 300 Aboriginal people and
cultural entries.
The book is well bound, with an Oxford blue
hardcover made of a synthetic material which has gold
foil stamping, called blocking, is protected by an
attractive removable dust cover. The paper allows the
dark black text done in Swift font to be more legible
and pleasing to the eye. The pages are thumb indexed
and have attractive blue speckling on the outside edges.
This dictionary is of such a high quality both in content
and construction, that it should be considered a
mandatory reference book in every Canadian home,
classroom, library and office.
 2.4.7
Some dictionaries in South
Africa
 The Dictionary of South African English on
Historical Principles(1978, with a third
edition in 1987)
 Being based on British ones,
Published by Oxford University Press
 A dictionary of regionalisns. Compiled
with the methodology of the OED.
2.4.9 Historic Dictionary of South
Africa
A
professor once asked his students,
“If we had to put dictionaries in a part
of the library other than the reference
section, where would we put them?
How should they be categorized? In
the literature section? With books on
mass communication?”

1) This should come as no surprise to those
readers familiar with Saunders' research interests
in South African history and historiography. The
author of many articles and monographs,
including South Africa: A Modern History (Fifth
Edition, 2000, with Rodney Davenport) and The
Making of the South African Past: Major Historians
on Race and Class (1988), among others, Saunders
wrote the first edition of the Dictionary in 1983
and later collaborated with Southey and Suttie
for the second edition (2000). The end result is
an indispensable tool for students of South
African history.

2) Within 375 pages, the authors present a
chronology of major events from 1488 to
1998; maps; a compendium of
encyclopedic entries detailing historical
figures, languages, ethnicities, political
movements, geographic regions,
organizations, religions, art, economics,
and events; and a bibliography of
supplementary reading that spans more
than eighty pages. It is a succinct, efficient,
expensive, and information-packed work.


3) When one compares the second edition with the
first, one difference presents itself immediately: the
Dictionary has been expanded in most every way. The
chronology of major events grew from 14 to 21 pages,
the bibliography from 37 to 82, and the entire text
from 241 to 375.
Secondly, criticisms of the first edition have been
addressed and changes implemented, improving the
work as a whole. In a generally positive review of the
1983 edition, one reviewer noted: “Too often, entries
have to be scanned to find…information rather than,
as should be the case, revealing it in the first sentence”;
“Some of the entries, such as ‘economic change' and
‘business cycles', are so broad that they defy definition
and could well have been excluded”; that historians are
overrepresented in entries; and that some entries can
only be seen as “oddities.”[1]
2.4.10 Africa Slang Dictionary
 This
dictionary contains words that
people find offensive. If you are of
fragile temperament, stop here. Some
of the more unsavoury words do not
necessarily represent South African
surfing culture. Some are outdated.
2.4.11 South African Dictionary of Sport

This book is the ultimate collection of information on
probably every sport that has been played in South
Africa. It is illustrated with line drawings, the method
of play, the specifications and layout of playing area of
a multitude of sport. Not only will the reader find
entries on well–known sport like rugby, cricket and
tennis, but also on other lesser–known types, like the
different kinds of martial arts, or metallic silhouette
shooting and even pigeon racing. There is also a full
section on traditional South African games, like Zulu
war dance. The South African Dictionary of Sport will be an
essential guide to those who watch sport, but do not
know the rules, and wish to understand what the fuss is
about, but also to lovers of sport, who will find it a
source for exploration of other types they perhaps have
not even heard of.
2.4.12 The Dictionary Unit for South
African English

The Dictionary Unit for South African English
(DSAE) was established in 1969 to collect and
record English as it is used in South Africa.
Since then, it has compiled extensive archives
which reflect the diverse influences which shape
South African English. Material from these
archives forms the basis for both specialised and
general dictionaries which the DSAE produces
in conjunction with commercial publishers.
2.4.13 Dictionaries of Australia



Beginning in 1898 with the publication of
Austral English, A Dictionary of Australian Words,
Phrases and Usages, by Edward E. Morris
Being more or less directly inspired by British
models.
The most clearly Australian dictionary —the
Macquarie Dictionary (with a second edition in
1987), 80000 entries, which was then published
in several abridged editions.
Australian pocket Oxford Dictionary (a 1976,
with second, revised edition in 1984)
 Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1986)
 Heinemann Australian Dictionary (1976,
second edition 1978)
 Australian National Dictionary—being
published in 1989, and curtaining 10000
0Australianisms with 60000 quotations
from 9000 Australian sources, as well as
830 pages.
 In addition, a number of slang dictionaries.

2.4.14 Australian Dictionary of Biography



one of the university’s great achievement which
sets on record for all time .
the nation’s most substantial and significant
publishing venture, and among the greatest of
its kind in the world.
consistency, interest, fluency, accuracy - and
sheer pleasure - the ADB may be the best
English-language biographical dictionary in the
world.
2.4.15 Australia Oxford Dictionary

A major revision of this landmark Australian
dictionary that was first published in 1999. The
Australian Oxford Dictionary is edited by Australia's
most influential lexicographer, Dr. Bruce Moore,
Director of the Australian National Dictionary Centre.
This flagship dictionary draws on the databases of
Australian English at the Australian National
Dictionary Centre--including its fast-growing national
corpus current usage and its research into Australian
English--and those of incomparable Australian Oxford
Dictionary .

A distinguishing feature is its encyclopedic
content. There are more than 10,000 encyclopedic
entries, which are more detailed than those in any
comparable Australian dictionary. For example,
the place-name entries not only geographically
locate the place in question, but also provide
information about the character of the place and
its historical, economic, or political importance.
There are detailed entries on many topics-political parties, religious organizations, historical
events, mythological and fictional characters, and
more.

In addition, many lexical items which are
normally given only very brief treatment in
conventional dictionaries are here often
given detailed explanatory coverage. Many
specific subjects, concepts, movements,
and events are presented as self-contained
articles following the dictionary entry, be it
on black holes, existentialism, computers,
Marxism, osmosis, Romanesque, tragedy, or the
zodiac.

The major feature of this new edition,
however, is the addition of some 10,000
new lexical items, dramatically increasing
the core size of the dictionary. The
ultimate guide to contemporary Australian
English, this is the most authoritative
Australian Dictionary. But it is not just a
dictionary for scholars or pedants--it
describes our changing language in such a
clear and entertaining way, that it is the
essential reference for the new millennium.
2.4.16 The Australian National
Dictionary Centre

Established in 1988 with the twin purposes of
conducting research into Australian English and
providing Oxford University Press with editorial
expertise for its range of Australian dictionaries,
it is jointly funded by the Australian National
University and Oxford University Press Australia.
W.S. Ramson — director of the Centre from
1988 to1994 and Bruce Moore— the successor
of the director in 1994.


Its publications include:
The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary, 2nd edn
1992, 3rd edn 1997, 4th edn 2003.
The Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary, 3rd edn 1993,
4th edn 1996, 5th edn 2002.
The Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary, 2nd edn
1996, 3rd edn 1999.
The Australian Essential Colour Dictionary, 2002.
The Australian Modern Oxford Dictionary, 1998, 2nd
edn 2003
The Australian Oxford Minidictionary, 1998.
Aboriginal English: A Cultural Study, 1996.
Words from the West: A Glossary of Western
Australian Terms, 1994.
Convict Words, 2003.
Lexical Images, 2002.
2.4.17 New Zealand Dictionary



Being published under the direction of Robert
Burchfield and based on the seventh edition of
the POD(1984)
Being inspired by the British lexicographical
tradition.
The first specifically New Zealand dictionary—
the Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary(1979, with
a second edition in 1982)
2.4.18 Other dictionaries of New
Zealand
 Collins Concise Dictionary of the English
Language
 New Zealand Edition in 1982
 Collins New Zealand Compact English
Dictionary in 1986

2.4.19 The New Zealand Dictionary
Centre
Victoria University of Wellington has for over 60 years been the
major centre for lexicography in New Zealand. A number of
distinguished lexicographers, have been graduates of Victoria
and contributed to works of English lexicography, including the
supplements to The Oxford English Dictionary, and The
Australian National Dictionary. In particular, the New Zealand
Dictionary Centre builds on the pioneering scholarship of Dr
Harry Orsman, whose research on New Zealand English has
spanned more than forty years and culminated in 1997 in the
publication of his award-winning Dictionary of New Zealand
English, the only comprehensive and documented dictionary of
New Zealandisms.
The New Zealand Dictionary Centre is based in Wellington,
where there are valuable sources for lexicographical research in
the National Library, the Alexander Turnbull Library, and the
National Archives.

The New Zealand Dictionary Centre was established in
July 1997 in partnership with Victoria University of
Wellington and Oxford University Press with the
purposes of:
• maintaining and developing a database of New
Zealand English vocabulary
• conducting research on other aspects of language in
New Zealand
• preparing and publishing dictionaries and related
educational materials.
Aiming to provide a focal point nationally and
internationally for New Zealand lexicography.
Lexicography in the Electronic Age

The New Zealand Dictionary Centre has
been established at a time of significant
advances in the technology to support
lexicography. Victoria University is widely
known for its work in the compilation and
analysis of large electronic databases for
the study of English. The Centre will make
use of large collections of spoken and
written New Zealand English in electronic
'corpora' to further its research aims.

A Database for New Zealand English
A major role of the Centre is to maintain and
update the database of New Zealand English
from which The Dictionary of New Zealand English
was compiled. The Centre will prepare future
editions of The Dictionary of New Zealand English
and welcomes contributions from anyone with
an interest in New Zealand words and their use,
including new words, new uses of older words
that have evolved in New Zealand, or earlier
uses than previously recorded.
Research and Scholarship
 A programme of research is being
established at the Centre which aims to
attract scholars from a variety of
disciplines, including literary, historical, and
linguistic studies. Research on
lexicographic topics for MA or PhD and
specialised research projects for publication
are encouraged a New Zealand
Lexicography
 The centre will prepare and publish
dictionaries and related educational
materials for New Zealand.. The public
interest in these dictionary is a measure of
the importance of regional languages in



The Dictionary of New Zealand English
The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary
A Dictionary of Maori Words in New Zealand English
The New Zealand Pocket Oxford Dictionary
The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary
The New Zealand Little Oxford Dictionary
The New Zealand Oxford Minidictionary
The New Zealand Oxford Mini Thesaurus
The New Zealand Oxford School Dictionary
The New Zealand Oxford School Thesaurus
The New Zealand Oxford Primary School Dictionary
The New Zealand Oxford Primary School Dictionary & Thesaurus
The New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary
The New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary & Thesaurus
The New Zealand Oxford Schoolmate Dictionary
A Dictionary of Modern New Zealand Slang
2.4.20 Many other English-speaking
communities where dictionaries are produced
or used.
 Dictionary of Jamaican English(1967, with a
second edition in 1980. 15000 entries), which
pioneered the use of spoken material.
 Dictionary of Bahamian English(1982)
 Dictionary of Caribbean English and Usage
 Dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions of SubSaharan Africa to the English Language

2.4.21 India
 Being
active in the domain of the
lexicography on Indian languages,
particularly bilingual dictionaries.
 No dictionary of Indian English,
not even the regional dictionary on
historical principles that so many
countries now have.
2.4.22 Two types of dictionaries
in “ new countries”
 Local general-purpose dictionaries.
 Dictionaries of regionalisms—
being preceded by various
glossaries or dictionaries compiled
in an amateurish way and being
based on the methodology of the
OED, with a few variations.
2.4.23 The common characteristics
of both dictionaries




Sharing with the parent dictionary the use of a
corpus (sometimes a real one, unlike that of the
OED).
A chronological ordering of senses, a large
number of quotations, mostly from literature.
More emphasis on the culture, particularly the
historical aspects of the rural culture.
Being all cultural dictionaries in the particular
sense of historical, nationalist dictionaries
2.4.24 Characteristics of
dictionaries in new countries





1)Establishing a working definition for the notion of
regionalism.
For example, definition of canadianism.
a word, expression, or meaning which is native Canada
which is distinctively characteristic of Canadian usage
though not necessarily exclusive to Canada
A much more broader definition than the one used for
americanism
 2)
Records of the state of a
language and of a culture
 belonging to category of their own,
which may be becoming extinct
 with their historical, OED-inspired
methodology,
 the field-studies that they imply
 few people who have enough money
to carry them out any more.

2.4.25 The reasons why many Englishspeaking communities started to create their
own dictionaries.

realizing that those dictionaries, imported from the USA
or Great Britain, which could not do justice to their
particular variety of English.
being not enough to add a few colorful regionalisms
being normally preceded by the inclusion of some
regionalisms in imported dictionaries for the generalpurpose dictionaries of all the new countries
a symbolical act of independence
a necessary step to assert the cultural identity




 “For
the New Zealand dictionaries
is part of a continuing
development of national
awareness, a process that has been
underway from about the
beginning of the century and that
has slowly gathered momentum”
Definition of a network and door
Any thing reticulated or decussated, at
equal distances, with interstices between
the intersections
 The movable frame or barrier of boards,
or other material, usually turning on hinges
or pivots, by which an entranceway into a
house of apartment is closed and opened;
also, a similar part of a piece of furniture,
as in a cabinet or bookcase.


As written English is used by increasing
millions and for more reasons than ever
before, the language has become more
utilitarian and more informal. The reader may
want a single certainty. He may have taken an
unyielding position in an argument, he may
have wagered in support of his conviction
and may demand that the dictionary “settle”
the matter. But neither his vanity nor his
purse is any concern of the dictionary’s; it
must record the facts.
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